Introduction Of The Rolls Royce Company Management Essay

Introduction Of The Rolls Royce Company Management Essay ABSTRACT This case study aims to analyse strategic management of Rolls-Royce civil aerospace division. The analysis also identifies and explores the factors which are responsible for the current strategic position and development of this company and critically evaluate the factors involves in future growth, development and change. To evaluate the performance of the company analysis tools used are PORTERS FIVE FORCES, SWOT and PESTLE analysis. In the end there is a conclusion for taking the summary of involved company into consideration for its successful in the near future. INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPANY The Rolls-Royce group plc is well known multination company with business around 135 countries and manufacturing capabilities spread in 14 different countries. Around 40,000 employees work in various business ventures ranging from civil, defence aerospace to marine and energy markets. Rolls-Royce services 56,000 aircraft engines for 300 airlines, 2,400 public companies and also over 100 armed forces. Its engines can be found in every type of commercial aircraft manufactured by both aviation industries giant Airbus industries and Boing, whether it is biggest modern airlines or business jets. In world Rolls-Royce is renowned and prestigious brand for its high class quality, reliability and high end technology provider to its customers. Rolls-Royce group plc shows total earning of  £10,414 million which is equivalent to $16,307.6 million for the financial year 2009 ended on December, a well rise of 14.7% over financial year 2008. The operating profit of the company was  £1,174 million equivalents to $1,838.4 million for the financial year 2009, an increase of 32.7% over financial year 2008. The total profit was  £2,217 million equals to $3,471.7 million in financial year 2009, as compared to the total loss of  £1,342 million equals to $2,101.5 million in financial year 2008. MISSION A great company is built by first class, passionate and highly skilled people. We have these in Rolls-Royce and I believe that we will continue to improve our business and deliver excellent value for all our shareholders. Sir Simon Robertson Chairman (February 9, 2011) VISION During 2010, we have continued our programme of investment, funding world-class facilities in all major geographies, providing capacity for future growth, contributing to improved productivity and delivering products with operational lives which may well extend to half a century. We remain confident in our ability to double revenues in the coming decade through organic growth alone. However, we also have the management and financial capability to accelerate growth through acquisition and partnership. Sir John Rose Chief Executive (February 9, 2011) STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE Our consistent strategy, applied over many years, has helped deliver a more broadly based, better balanced and more resilient portfolio. This strategy has five key elements: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ address four global markets, civil aerospace, defence aerospace, marine and energy; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ invest in technology, infrastructure and capability; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ develop a competitive portfolio of products and services; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ grow market share and our installed product base; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ add value for customers through the provision of product-related services. Sir John Rose Chief Executive (February 9, 2011) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rolls-Royce civil aerospace division thinks of a huge chance in terms of future growth for commercial aerospace markets, contributed by increasing air transportation varies from business to individuals. Forth coming 20 years there are need of 141,000 engines which cost more than $800 billion. This increased demand is from fast-emerging markets like Asia, Middle East and Latin America but at the same time from much saturated markets of Europe and North America due to taking off thousands older aircraft to the new ones. Hence creates the demands of aftermarket and services contribute to more than $600 billion for these accompanied services. The most essential part of demand is the business jets. Till now this market leads by mainly US customers but in coming years now there an increase by 50% can be seen from different part of the world as well. MARKET SEGMENTATION There are two main different market sectors in which Rolls-Royce civil aerospace division works are: Sales of brand new aircraft engines to aviation industry leading manufacturer Airbus industries and Boings and to some airlines as well. Spare part to those old purchased engines and aftermarket services and maintenance to its customer airlines. This segment of market consist competitor who specialized in maintenance. The first one is primary market who responsible for selling new aircraft engines, which creates the opportunity to the second market, is secondary market, responsible for spare part and after sales services. There was only 10% commercial aerospace market captured by Rolls-Royce in 1970s. This segment of civil aerospace market is mix of immense commercial and technical competition from General Electric and Pratt Whitney of the USA. The grand investment in development and research for making new engine and avail verity of best services to the customers is the only way to gain major market share. To gain large share in market they need to concentrate on after sale service more than products with services for example information management, inventory management and after flights maintenance services. This market may be considered as vertical due to too less number of purchasers. Rolls-Royce must be concerns about its customer future and present needs. PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL Competitive rivalry This oligopolistic global industry is dominated by three players operate in are: General Electric and Pratt Whitney of the USA and of course Rolls-Royce. This market segment of civil aerospace is highly budget oriented as it requires massive capital investment for advanced technology and research and development. It is very difficult to dominate the market for single manufacturer, which leads to the increased competition within the opponents. There is a great completion for new aircraft engine as primary market due to the interdependence on the secondary market of aircraft engine part sales and services. So we can infer that number of purchase in primary market sales will tells about the access power to the secondary market. As in recent years each producer tries to enhance their volume share, which brings a healthy competition to the existing market. Competition getting tougher by each passing day as gas turbine engine is quite mature technology which reduces the difference advantage within competitors. Power of buyers There are less future possible buyers for new aircraft. Therefore cost of the new aircraft engine is set by the buyer as they are market prime player. The globalisation of the many airlines in recent years has enhanced their purchasing power to great extent. It is really a long-term decision to buy a specific aircraft or any combination of aircraft engine. This implies that if an engine manufacturer lost a single order from particular airline affect its business for a decade with that airline. The purchase of single type of aircraft engine produces cumulative effect with another purchaser who is going to buy the same type of aircraft engine. Life time cost ownership; warranty and subsidised maintenance cost are the main concerns of the all airlines. Power of suppliers There is very less influence or power of supplier to the aircraft engine producer. The reason for this is abundance of suppliers to the aircraft engine producer. These suppliers responsible to supply from small parts like nuts and bolts to high end technology like complicated electronic control components pricing hundreds of thousands of pounds. The smaller companies which contribute to most of the supplier base, have now decreased power. The reason behind is that aircraft engine producer involves in many different source supply applying double supplier strategies. Among all type of equipment suppliers high end complicated electronic component suppliers are the most powerful. Threat of entry A well-known name also finds it quite tough to enter in aircraft engine business. The crucial entry factors like extremely skilled experience requirement along with massive power to investment on research and development as well to win buyers confidence are the main hurdle to enter this specialized segment of market. Once a new aircraft engine built then the very next step is going through high standards of testing by authorities to get approved. The name of the company also plays a vital role in this industry due to the sensitive nature of this market. Thus reputed name like Rolls-Royce is well known for its good verity of quality high-technology products. Threat of substitutes Till now there is most likely no other better known way to replace air transportation completely hence so do the aircraft engines. Whereas advancement in technology such as video conferencing facilities and new extremely fast trains however can definitely hamper some air travels business in near future. But still these emerging technology developments taking place along with increasing opportunities of air travel. Summary of Five Forces analysis This analysis gave an idea about the amount of competition as in whole for this particular segment of civil aerospace market. There is clear indication of buyer great influence upon the organisation leads to higher degree competitive market environment in civil aero engine business. Still existing manufacturer share business among them as there is large amount of hurdle for entry and very less threat of substitutes. However, maturity of used technology and decrease in aviation industry growth brings the huge competition for existing engine producers. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Weaknesses Major player in aero-engines manufacturing Reach to different parts of the world market High capacity for development and research Way of dealing to legal affairs Decreased budget for operation Opportunities Threats Increased demand for commercial airplane engines New planed acquisitions Increased demand for turbine helicopters High level of competition Government policies compatibilities Major risk for supply chain Strengths Major player in aero-engines manufacturing Rolls-Royce is one of the major players in civil aerospace industry. It is among the top worlds manufacturer of civil aircraft engine, serving more than 30 different kinds of civil aircraft varies from business jets to huge airlines aircraft, with over 13,000 big Rolls-Royce aero-engines under service. Reach to different parts of the world market Rolls-Royce has huge worldwide base. It is primarily works around the world such as Americas, Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and Middle East. 130 different countries customers are served by this company. Rolls-Royce manufacturing plant, offices and service facilities can be found in more than 60 countries around the world. In addition, there is a huge remuneration can be seen from these above different regions of the world where it operates. The reach to wide world market and fair revenue earning from these each market leads to less risk against this volatile industries as there is no dependency on single market. High capacity for development and research Rolls-Royce developed great platform for research and development along the time. At regular basis this company emphasise on advancement for new technology which is necessary to sustain in the competitive market environment. With the  £7 billion spending on its research and development for the last 10 years Rolls-Royce want to lead with new technological advancements, especially on the basis of collaboration with many universities of the world. Having strong hold on research and development capabilities Rolls-Royce came up as winner against manufacturers, able to keep its high end technology edge to competitors and leads the industries with new advancement in technology. This leads to Rolls-Royce at different high level category in terms of its product line. Weakness Way of dealing to legal affairs Rolls-Royce is a firm, where too many kinds of legal affairs and claims can be seen in every day companys business. Few amounts of the affairs and claims are substantial to some extent. Even though Rolls-Royce cannot forecast the results of these proceedings, however this may be possible it comes as imposition of damages, fines and other remedies contribute to hampering image of the company as well the its business, position and operations. In addition, these types of activities brought bad impression to Rolls-Royce share price market and reputation. Decreased budget for operation There is a big decrease in 2009 budgeting for operation can be seen in Rolls-Royce. A huge decline by 26.3% in financial year 2008 from  £824 million to  £607 million in financial year 2009 has been recoded. The financial position decline is the because of lack of cost effectiveness in management and poor financial decision making and planning by the management. If this trends continue for long it will definitely decrease opportunity of the perceived future growth. Opportunities Increased demand for commercial airplane engines Rapid change recoded around the world in air travel as the new market opportunities and challenges arising. Throughout the world constant demand for airlines is common as new airlines model increases, high growth in emerging economies are responsible stabilized airplanes demand. The Boing big industry giant expect a growth of $3.2 trillion market for 29,000 new aircraft for the forthcoming 20 years and consider this segment of market for near-term realities, a worldwide recession, decrease in air travel and cargo transportation, and uncertain price of fuel. There is an increase of 4.9% expected in terms of passenger traffic for each single passing year for next 20 years. There is a forecast about Asia Pacific region that it will be going to grow to a value of $1.13 trillion. Rolls-Royce is well positioned both geographically and technically to service the huge aircraft market in the future. Hence, the company is well positioned to capitalize on the growing commercial airplanes market. New planned acquisitions Rolls-Royce main objective of strategic acquisition is to raise the demand for sales and earnings growth. For example in the moth January 2010, Rolls-Royce completed the 100% acquisition of Europea Microfusioni Aerospaziali from Finmeccanica, who built precision micro-castings for aero engines. This particular acquisition would enable the company to strengthen its customer base and market position in the Italian market. Strategic acquisitions such as these would provide the company with an opportunity to develop its product base and reach across various segments and geographies. Increased demand for turbine helicopters As the turbine helicopter market segment is increases which lead to force able future, according to Rolls-Royce forecast. New emerging markets circumstances are creating a platform for an even growth in near future. There is estimation for 2010-2019 that total demands for helicopter delivery is increased to 16,400 units as good response from the commercial market fundamentals. In both these particular market division the replacement for old engines against new one will give the rise to for immense growth opportunity to this segment. Rolls-Royce, which offers one of the broadest power ranges of helicopter turbo shaft engines, is well positioned to capitalize on the growing demand for turbine helicopters. Threats High level of competition Rolls-Royce is operating in very highly commutative business environment. This company works in many diversified power field ranging from commercial aerospace market to defence aerospace market, marine market and energy market segment. Rolls-Royce high end technology makes its product different in the market on the basis of fine technology, brand name, cost effectiveness, past performance and timely delivery of the order. The biggest competitors of Rolls-Royce are companies including Hampson Industries, Honeywell International, Safran, and Textron. Few of these organisations have better engineering, production and marketing capabilities as compared to Rolls-Royce. Furthermore in addition continues consolidation for the world defence, space and civil aerospace business has rapidly getting intense to competition results in the decreased number of major contractors present in this field. This increased competition through all operating market segment also affects the share in the market. Government policies compatibilities The organisation is obligated to impose and obey all laws and terms and conditions relating to the formation, management and contract of government pertaining to performance. All contract deals and pricing data must be disclosed and should be certified by these corporate regulations. It also regulates accounting rules to control allowable cost and unallowable cost. At the same time, the organisation is restricted to use or dispose of information pertaining critical to national security concerns and import and export of technical parts and technical data. Organisation operations are immensely affected by at customer level, add up organisations operating costs .If an organization is found involved in violations of these regulations resulted in fines and penalties or even termination of the corporate contract between companies. Definitely these rules and regulation pressurise in terms of cost as well affect the budgeting structure of the organisation. Major risk for supply chain Rolls-Royce different operation facilities and supply chain diversified in different division provides products and services to its customers. As its market position and presence over well-known organisations governed by its success increases its demands to on the performance of supply chain. Rolls-Royce produces nearly 30% of value to gas turbine products; the rest is managed by external supplier. To achieve your business gaol you should be critical about timely delivery, cost effectiveness and of course quality products. When it comes to the worldwide supply chain, it is quite complex due to the reason there is involvement of large number interrelationships across broad network of the organisation. Rolls-Royce is exposed to an increased risk of disruptions to its supply chain, which could have a significant impact on its operating results Supplier capacity constraints, supplier production disruptions, supplier financial condition, price volatility or the unavailability of some raw materials may have an adverse effect on Rolls-Royces operating results and financial condition. PESTLE ANALYSIS This analysis tells about of external environmental factors. This may be a useful tool for this case because: It gives an idea of framework for figure out a huge range of environmental factors. It depicts the different data in the case which somehow acknowledge environmental issues. This also create a basis for the analysis of opportunities and threats, whereas this case itself highlights the context of the civil aerospace competition as an uncertain environment of political and economic unrest for air travellers. According to our identified order shows some key PESTLE factors which is definitely relevant to the involved airline and aerospace industries in general. Political factors Political risk, for examples the Gulf war and terrorism somehow damaging passenger confidence, particularly in the US. Presence of political support and lobbying for major EU/US aerospace businesses Support of EU aircraft manufacturer for Rolls-Royce Subsidies by EU government US tax breaks for Rolls-Royce Carbon emissions under the Kyoto protocol is targets for reduction by EU, creating pressures for reduced impact of air travel Policy formation for example Open Skies liberalisation package (2008), allowing any US or EU-based airline to launch scheduled services between the US and EU. Economic factors Supply/demand factors: unpredictable demand ; over-capacity supply market Increased price of the fuel As we talk about economic cycle for example 2008 and 2009 a global recession, generate decreased demand, excessive production supply, civil aerospace and supplier failure, unavailability of cost for major investment and unpredictable demands. Commercial aerospace segment recession in 2002-3, leads to damaged US passenger confidence after such incidence following 9/11 there are oversupply , loss of residual or resale value for aircraft and specific exposure for Airbus, due to its resale value guarantees Industry structure and competition (micro-economic factors): eg intense competition between Boeing and Airbus in effective duopoly; high barriers to entry (high investment, few major players reaping economies of scale etc); market consolidation, second-hand market; emergence of low-cost airlines. Socio-cultural factors Changes in global demand for air travel, and the emergence of new markets and routes e.g. European regional travel growth and future emerging travel markets, particularly in Asia-Pacific and developing countries (www.airbus.com: Global Market Forecast) Consumer/public/regulatory scrutiny re environmental impacts of air travel Rise in urban growth and congestion, leading to pressure on airports and air traffic management, creating demand for larger aircraft (www.airbus.com: Global Market Forecast) Challenges of cultural differences in dealing with global consumer and industry markets Challenges of cultural differences in cross-cultural organisations and alliances Technological factors Potential for technology-supported added-value products (eg e-ticketing; in-flight Internet access; flight control systems facilitating pilot training; fuel-efficient engines/aircraft) Competitor investment in R D and new product development Potential for continuing innovation Competitive adoption of efficient P S and manufacturing in engine manufacture, spare parts and MRO services Increasing technological complexity placing pressure on global customer support and training Risk of technological obsolescence, with long delivery cycles Legal factors Employment protection Health safety: important in manufacturing and also in liability for air safety Environmental standards and legislation: eg pollution control, emissions reductions, noise abatement EU/US law and WTO rulings on competition Contract law and dispute jurisdiction in contracts between EU and US firms Changes in any or all legal areas, raising change/compliance issues Eco/Environmental factors Policy, legislation and consumer pressure re environmental impacts and sustainability Risk factors: weather impacting on airline activity; spiralling fuel costs; reduction in consumer demand due to concerns re climate change Scarcity/costs of non-renewable fuels, metals and other raw materials of production Altitude, climate and other factors in routes and airport locations, affecting operations CONCLUSION To cope with consistent changes within its business sphere Rolls-Royce has changed its orientation or approach from core engineering to the more of customer concerned business firm. The company now have more proactive approach in terms of customer awareness and their services focus. But in the past this type of dealing behaviour is very less found as this company also following only the market trends. The overall infrastructure is going to renovate according the requirements of new increasing operating facilities need. Within this organisation the working structure is aligned to define good relationship within the business and a well-designed system to meet defined business objectives at the same time. But this structure does not affect the organisation important business culture at any cost within the Rolls-Royce. Rolls-Royce culture is found in its each employee mind and heart and represented by the way they contribute for this organisation and make decision to develop business strategy. As Rolls-Royce has changed it orientation from core engineering to towards more customer service oriented culture, this need more interaction and involvement towards its customer, with high number of empowerment and quick decision making. To embark a name in todays business world one organisation should be sound in terms of its working culture and physical terms. Rolls-Royce is working rigorously to gain its past reputation over again and achievement of the continuous success as well. As soon they achieve their corporate goals accordingly realigning its financial reporting framework and business monopoly. Finally which leads to change in organisation structure its objective and priorities.

Factors Contributing to Willys Death in Death of a Salesman :: Literary Analysis, Analytical Essay

Willy Loman a self-doubting, delusional salesman enters his house with two empty suitcases; he failed to sell anything that day. He was greeted by his loving wife Linda and asked where he was all day. Willy replied by saying that he went as far as a little above Yonkers. Willy explains to Linda that he suddenly couldn’t drive anymore. In page 13 Willy explains â€Å"suddenly I realize I’m going’ sixty miles an hour and I don’t remember the last five minutes. Linda tries to comfort him by saying it’s your glasses and also by saying that you haven’t gotten enough rest. Willy responded by saying he can see perfectly fine. Linda then said to Willy that you should ask Howard to see if you can work in New York again. At first Willy said that they don’t need them there but gave into the suggestion Linda asked. Willy then suddenly asked if there was anything to eat. Linda willfully answered yes and that she would make him a sandwich. Willy r efuses it and says to Linda to go to sleep and asks if the boys are in. Linda says that the boys are sleeping; Happy took biff on a date tonight. Willy seemed interested and Linda continued talking, it was so nice to see them shaving together. She couldn’t get over that the whole house smelling like shaving cream. During this conversation Willy says an important quote â€Å"Work a lifetime to pay a house you finally own it, and there’s nobody to live in it. I find this to be ironic because it’s true you buy a house to raise a family and when you finally own it there’s nobody to live in it, because everybody is all grownup and going on with there own lives. Willy then goes downstairs and starts to talk to himself, as he’s doing this Biff and his younger brother happy start to talk about there teenage years, and talked bout their fathers babbling. They then talk about how they don’t like there lives at the moment. They later talked about buying ranch out west and thinking about other ideas to be successful. We return to Willy he gets flash backs about talking to his brother and that sho uld gone with him to Alaska and Africa to make money. This eventually leads to Willy’s death when Biff Confronts Willy of trying to commit suicide, and telling his dad to burn the fake dream that it’s never going to happen.

Prejudice in Mr Sumarsono Written by Roxana Robinson Essay

Stereotype is a largely false belief, or set of belief, concerning the characteristics of the members of a racial or ethnic group (McLemore, 1983). Stereotype may be positive or negative in mind which is based on limited and minimal knowledge about a group of people. Incomplete information, mistaken perceptions, isolation and segregation have resulted many stereotypes. Viewing of a person with oddity based on the stereotype will limit what we expected and how we respond to them. Prejudice is an unfavorable attitude towards people because they are members of a particular racial or ethnic group. Discrimination is unfavorable action towards people because they are members of a particular racial or ethnic group. (McLemore, 1983). These both are negative manifestations of integrative power. A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudice towards a certain group but not discriminate against them. Also, prejudice includes all three components of an attitude (affective, behavioral and affective), whereas discrimination just involves behavior and involves some actions. Prejudice and stereotyping parallels attitudes and opinions or beliefs (Stroebe & Insko, 1989) Prejudice also sustains stereotype, while stereotype is a generalization or interpretation toward a person or group of some physical, behavior, belief or other factors. For a 10-year-old girl, she must have got a first bad impression to a stranger, especially a foreigner. She spontaneously thought that someone newbie in another country is a kind of alien with different skin, face structure or another physical body. In that point, this attitude includes a racial stereotype which provokes a prejudice side. Roxana Robinson is a biographer and scholar of nineteenth and early twentieth century American art. She graduated from Buckingham Friends School, in Lahaska, and from The Shipley School, in Bryn Mawr. She attended Bennington College and studied with Bernard Malamud and Howard Nemerov. She received a B.A. degree in English Literature from the University of Michigan. Roxana Robinson is the author of the four novels Cost, (2008) Sweetwater, (2003) This Is My Daughter, (1998) and Summer Light (1988); the three short story collections A Perfect Stranger, (2005) Asking for Love, (1996) A Glimpse of Scarlet, (1991) and the biography Georgia O’Keeffe: A Life, (1989). Mr. Sumarsono is listed as one of the best American Short Stories at 1994. Statement of Problems: 1. Why do Susan and her sister give bad impression toward Mr. Sumarsono? 2. Why did Mrs. Riordan welcome Mr. Sumarsono warmly? 3. What is the cultural aspect of this short story? What is the connection with it? Discussion Mr. Sumarsono is a worker in UN which involved many Western people in it for a long time. Because of the environment, he tried to adapt the style like an American. According to the story, both daughters of Mrs. Riordan, Susan and Kate, with Mrs. Riordan herself fetched Mr. Sumarsono in a Trenton Station in New Jersey and they saw him for the first time with bad impression and underestimate toward Mr. Sumarsono. However, at that time, he was clothed as an American businessman. â€Å"Mr. Sumarsono was wearing an neat suit and leather shoes, like an American businessman, but he didn’t look like an American. The suit was brown, not gray, and it had a slight sheen. And Mr. Sumarsono was built in a different way from Americans: he was slight and graceful, with narrow shoulders and an absence of strut.† (Page 265 line 1) â€Å"Kate and I stood next to my mother as she waved and smiled. Kate and I did not wave and smile†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 265 line 11) In this case, it proved that both sisters didn’t like and give bad thought for Mr. Sumarsono because they didn’t know who actually Mr. Sumarsono was, since Mr. Sumarsono had an Asian figure with pale brown skin. Besides, there were few Indonesian that came to America, or else almost never. Mr. Sumarsono was the only Indonesian who arrived in New Jersey. â€Å"It was 1959, and Mr. Sumarsono was the only Indonesian who got off the train in Trenton, New Jersey.† (Page 264 line 25) Next on, the displeasure of the sisters continued until they were in way home. They were acting like they didn’t need a middle-aged Indonesian in where were they belong to. Moreover, they avoided the lunch time which their mother prepared for them and Mr. Sumarsono. And also, they showed an impolite attitude toward Mr. Sumarsono in the table. â€Å"We were going to watch the mallard nesting, and I hope we didn’t have to include a middle-aged Indonesian in leather shoes†(Page 267 line 1) â€Å"Dev-il,† Kate said, Speaking very loudly and slowly. She pointed at the eggs and then put two forked finger behind her head like horns, Mr. Sumarsono looked at her horns. (Page 269 lines 25) Another evidence occurred at the dinner time when Susan saw her mother wearing a pink dress. She thought her mother’s dress was overlooked just for dinner with a stranger who can not understand their language. â€Å"I was irritated to see that she had put it on as thought she were at a party. This was not a party: she had merely gotten hold of a captive guest, a complete stranger who understood nothing she said.† (Page 270, line 12) Although they kept underestimate him, they were quite surprised that Mr. Sumarsono wasn’t someone like usual Asian guy they were thinking about. He was different in presence. Not only the appearance of him but also his gesture was shown when they were already at home. Somehow, The stop! gesture was making the sisters wondering what makes that Indonesian was different. This gesture is shown by Mr. Sumarsono when he tried to prevent his suitcase as Susan offered to pick up upstairs. â€Å"What struck me was the grace of his gesture. His hand extended easily out cuff and expose a narrow brown wrist, as narrow as my own. When he put his hand up in the Stop! gesture, his hand curved backward from the wrist, and his fingers bent backward from the palm. Instead of the stern and flat-handed Stop! that an American hand would make, this was a polite, subtie, and yielding signal, quite beautiful and infinitely sophisticated, a gesture that suggested a thousand reasons for doing something, a thousand ways to go about it.†(Page 267 line 13) On the other hand, Mrs. Riordan was greeting him cheerfully. She showed an excessive behavior since Mr. Sumarsono decided to spend his weekend in New Jersey. Furthermore, he stayed in Riodan’s as well. Mrs. Riordan tried to catch attention from Mr. Sumarsono. Apart from being dressed in pink, she treated him as best as she can. â€Å"Oh, I’m glad we’re having rice!† she said suddenly, pleased. â€Å"That must make Mr. Sumarsono feel at home.† She looked at me. (Page 273 line 7) She also thought that Mr. Sumarsono was far from his family and being lonely, Mrs. Riordan conclude that he was missing them and she tried to give something that Mr. Sumarsono would feel like he came back to the warm atmosphere when a family was gathered supposed to be. It is shown when Mrs. Riordan asked Mr. Sumarsono to show his wife and children photograph. She saw a strange condition on Mr. Sumarsono with complicated and unfinished look when she asked and he even wanted to take a picture with them. â€Å"The poor man, he must miss his wife and children. Don’t u feel sorry for him, thousands of miles away from his family? Oh, thousands. He’s here for six months, all alone. They told me that at the UN. It’s all very uncertain. He doesn’t know when he gets leaves, how long after that he’ll be here. Think of how his poor wife feels.† (Page 272 line 24) As from the both sisters misjudged all about Mr. Sumarsono and what they have done, they thought that they would feel ashamed, instead of underestimating him. Their prejudice has made them blind to not know who actually Mr. Sumarsono was. Beside it was from their mother, they also felt embarrassed him because they can not be an appropriate hostess to him while Mr. Sumarsono showed his unruffled courtesy. Although Mr. Sumarsono couldn’t speak English well and only responded all Mrs. Riordan and her daughters with simple nodded and smile, at least he knew what attitude he supposed to do when he was visiting people’s house in other country. â€Å"I was embarrassed not only for my mother but also for poor Mr. Sumarsono. Whatever he had expected from a country weekend in America, It could not have been a cramped attic room, two sullen girls, voluble and incomprehensible hostess. I felt we had failed him, we had betrayed his unruffled courtesy, with our bewildering commands, our waving forks, our irresponsible talk about lizard. I wanted to save him. I wanted to liberate poor Mr. Sumarsono from this aerial grid of misunderstandings.† (Page 274 line 24) This story is pertaining aspect of prejudice side. Therefore, prejudice has both cognitive and affective components. Affective component is the positive or negative attitude or feeling while cognitive component contains stereotypes. Stereotypes are beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group. Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral. Stereotypes based on gender, ethnicity, or occupation are common in many societies. Stereotypes often results from, and leads to, prejudice and bigotry. The reasons appearing of stereotype is variable, It occurs When people encounter instances that disconfirm their stereotypes of a particular group, they tend to assume that those instances are atypical subtypes of the group. Second, People’s perceptions are influenced by their expectations. And last, People selectively recall instances that confirm their stereotypes and forget about disconfirming instances. As a branch from stereotype, prejudice is a destructive p henomenon, and it is pervasive because it serves many psychological, social, and economic functions. It allows people to bond with their own group by contrasting their own groups to outsider groups. Conclusion This short story which Roxana wrote showed about an experience of Indonesian immigrant who visited and spent the weekend at one of New Jersey’s families, Riordan’s house. Based on discussion above, it is described that the two daughters, Susan and Kate had first bad impression toward Mr. Sumarsono as a strange foreigner. This signs that their attitude showed the prejudice aspect of the racial differences.

Scott Kelly, Astronaut Who Spent a Year in Space

On March 2017, Scott Kelly, astronaut, blasted off to the International Space Station (ISS) on his fourth flight to orbit. He spent a year aboard, racking up a record total of 520 days in space over his career. It was both a scientific and personal achievement, and his time on orbit continues to help scientists understand the effects of microgravity on the human body. Fast Facts: Scott Kelly Born: February 21, 1964 in Orange, New JerseyParents: John and Patricia KellySpouses: Leslie Yandell (m. 1992-2009) and Amiko Kauderer (July 2018-present)Children: Charlotte and Samantha (with Yandell)Education: United States Merchant Marine Academy, University of Tennessee (MS)Published Works: Endurance: A Year in Space, My Journey to the Stars, and Infinite Wonder: An Astronauts Photographs From a Year in SpaceAccomplishments: Spent a year in space as part of the Twins Study of long-term effects of microgravity on humans Early Life Astronaut Scott Joseph Kelly and his identical twin brother Mark (who also served as an astronaut) were born on February 21, 1964, to Patricia and Richard Kelly. Their father was a police officer in Orange, New Jersey. The twins went to school at nearby Mountain High, graduating in 1982. During high school, Scott trained and worked as an emergency medical technician. From there, Scott went to college at the University of Maryland in Baltimore. In his memoir Endurance: My Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery, Kelly wrote that his early college years were difficult, and he lacked direction in his studies. By his own admission, his high school grades were bad and his SAT test scores werent impressive. He wasnt sure what to do with himself. Then, he picked up a copy of Tom Wolfes The Right Stuff and the words he read impressed him deeply. I felt like I had found my calling, he wrote about that time in his life. I wanted to be a naval aviator...The Right Stuff had given me the outline of a life plan. To pursue that plan, Scott transferred to the New York Maritime Academy, where his twin brother Mark was already attending college. He graduated in 1987 with a degree in electrical engineering and went on to earn a masters degree in Aviation Systems from the University of Tennessee. As a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy, Kelly attended flight school in Pensacola, Florida, and later flew jets at various duty stations. In 1993, he attended Naval Test Pilot School at Patuxent in Virginia, and over the course of his career amassed more than 8,000 hours of flying time in dozens of different aircraft in both land and carrier landings. Astronauts Scott Kelly (right) and Mark Kelly (left) in an interview about their work with the Twins Study and as astronauts. NASA   NASA and Dreams of Flight for Astronaut Kelly Scott Kelly and his brother Mark both applied to become astronauts and were accepted in 1996. Scott was trained in caution and warning systems for the ISS. His first flight was aboard space shuttle Discovery on STS 103, a Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. His next assignment took him to Star City, Russia, where he served as Director of Operations there for joint Russian-American flights. He also served as backup for crew members on several ISS missions. Due to the Columbia accident in 2002 (for which he flew search and recovery operations), flights were postponed until NASA could investigate the causes of the tragedy. Scott next worked as the Astronaut Office Space Station Branch Chief in Houston before doing a stint on the NEEMO 4 mission. That underwater training laboratory in Florida was developed to study the similarities between living in space and underwater for long periods of time in enclosed quarters under simulated space conditions. Kellys next two flights were to the International Space Station for STS-118, and Expeditions 25 and 26, where he worked for several months. He participated in installing instruments for the station, as well as a variety of science experiments. Astronaut Scott Kelly in the cupola section of the international Space Station. NASA Scott Kelly and the Astronaut Twins Experiment The final mission for Scott Kelly was part of the famous Twins Study. For that, he spent nearly a year in microgravity while his brother Mark, who is now a retired astronaut, stayed on Earth. Scientists devised the experiment to study the effects of prolonged microgravity on Scott, and compare changes in the two over the course of the mission and beyond. The study also provided valuable information about how astronauts living and working in space on long-term voyages to the Moon and Mars can be affected. The mission began for him on March 27, 2015, when he blasted off from Earth with Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Korniyenko. Kelly was on for two missions and was commander for the second one. He returned to Earth on March 11, 2016. In addition to the Twins Study, Mark worked with Russian colleagues aboard the station and was commander for the mission during part of his stay. He traveled to and from the station aboard a Russian rocket and capsule. Among other activities, Kelly performed an extravehicular activity with fellow astronaut Timothy Kopra to repair a mobile transporter aboard the station. He also did an EVA with Kjell Lindgren to service several parts of the station, including the Canadarm 2 and installation of docking equipment for future missions by SpaceX and NASA crew vehicles. Scott Kellys personal living quarters aboard the International Space Station were quite small and include a sleeping and personal work area.   NASA The ongoing research into changes in both men has uncovered some significant effects of space flight. During his time in on orbit, Scott grew two inches in height due to weaker gravitational pull on his skeleton. Upon return to Earth, his skeletal structure returned to nearly the same as it was before the mission. Genetically, the men remain the same, but scientists noted some ways that his bodys gene expression had changed. This is not the same as his actual genes changing, but has more to do with how they prepare the body to respond to changes in the environment. In addition, Scott participated in research to help doctors understand why astronaut eyesight can change drastically over time in space. He, like many other astronauts, noted a distinct change in mental viewpoint and also how personal relationships are affected by lengthy stays in space. Kelly noted that one unique aspect of the mission was that time on the station flowed at a slightly different rate than it did for his brother on Earth. It made him slightly younger than Mark and medical scientists are still assessing the effects of his trip on his body. He wrote that his part as a scientific lab rat never ends. I will continue to be a test subject for the rest of my life, he wrote. I will continue to participate in the Twins Study as Mark and I age...for me, its worth it to have contributed to advancing human knowledge, even if its only a step on a much longer journey. Personal Life Scott Kelly married his first wife, Leslie Yandell in 1992 and they had two daughters, Samantha and Charlotte. The couple divorced in 2009. Kelly married his second wife, Amiko Kauderer, in 2018. Scott Kelly retired from NASA in 2016 and has worked with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs since that time. The memoirs of his time in space were published in 2017, and he spends time giving public talks about space and space travel. Ive been traveling the country and the world talking about my experiences in space, he wrote. Its gratifying to see how curious people are about my mission, how much children instinctively feel the excitement and wonder of spaceflight, and how many people think, as I do, that Mars is the next step. Honors and Awards Scott Kelly received many medals and much recognition for his work, among them the Legion of Merit, the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, and the Medal for Merit in Space Exploration from the Russian Federation. He is a member of the Association of Space Explorers and was one of Time Magazines Influential 100 in 2015. Sources Kelly, Scott, and Margaret Lazarus Dean. Endurance: My Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery. Vintage Books, a Division of Penguin Random House, LLC, 2018.Mars, Kelli. â€Å"Twins Study.† NASA, NASA, 14 Apr. 2015, www.nasa.gov/twins-study.Mars, Kelli. â€Å"NASA Twins Study Confirms Changes to Mark Kellys Genes.† NASA, NASA, 31 Jan. 2018, www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings.Northon, Karen. â€Å"NASA Astronaut Scott Kelly Safely Back on Earth after One-Year Mission.† NASA, NASA, 2 Mar. 2016, www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronaut-scott-kelly-returns-safely-to-earth-after-one-year-mission.â€Å"Scott Kelly.† Scott Kelly, www.scottkelly.com/.