Pepsi Entry into india A lesson In globilization Case Study

Pepsi Entry into india A lesson In globilization - Case memorise ExampleHaunting ch whollyenges in the political, public, economic and social front where there in store aplenty for Pepsi, notwithstanding the paramount task was to appease the politicians, i.e., the government first, which would automatically reduce the burden in all new(prenominal) front to a great extent. Peter Druker had long back said about the future human beings that reciprocity will be the central principle of international economic integration. Thus Pepsi knew that for it to enter India, it has to remunerate by some deeds that would facilitate theThe promises that Pepsi made to deliver if it were allowed entranceway to Indian Market was aplenty. A few noteworthy ones are focussing on food and agro processing generating job opportunities for the people of Punjab, boosting the ambit of Indian products in foreign markets, etc. Given all these promises, If a question is asked whether the company materialized all that, the answer would be no. It did make an attempt to bring about a green mutation in the state of Punjab there was a drastic increase in the production of tomatoes, farmers were given exhaust farming equipments and agro based research centres were opened in Karnataka and Punjab. Corporate Social Responsibility is an often comprehend word now, but the colossal part that it plays is corroborated by Pepsis intro into India. It was only through its social perks that it got access to the Indian Market.The cat was out of the bag in 1991, around two years after Pepsis entry into India that it was conspicuous that Pepsi failed in most of its obligations. This was a double whammy for the same George Fernandez who blasted the Rajiv Gandhi run politics at the parliament. His accusations where that, pepsi was indulging in under invoicing and by consecutively preparing bogus receipts and hiding proceeding to a great extent. That is a incompatible case in itself. A foreign company s hould be polycentric- meaning, it should consider that each and every host country where they set there shop has got a different set of culture and habits and especially problems with which they wouldnt be in a position to appreciate any campaign by a foreign company. Thus Pepsi was aware of it and Knew that winning public opinion is the only settlement for there entry and especially the farmers of Punjab.There motto was performance with purpose which did sell well among the people of India and the politicians. to a lower place this tagline, apart from engaging the farmers pepsi did quiet a number of social activities like replenishing waste water, waste to wealthiness initiative, collaboration with farmers through contract farming etc. This only tells that for a multinational company to look a new customer base, it has to deal with ordinary people of the host country first who may not be their customers in the first place. But still their good will is always required for the company to survive.

One page reflection on the learning outcomes Coursework

One page reflection on the learning outcomes - Coursework ExampleThe fin geometry has significant intrusion on the performance of a car radiator. There are four major geometric coalesce configurations for radiators. The geometry of the fin determines the amount of erupt lost from the car engine to the atmosphere and hence determines the performance of a car radiator. Car radiator normally uses crossflow two-stream geometry.The combust transfer performance of a radiator can be unyielding by calculating the number of Nusselts. The value of Nusselt number increases with increase in as the Reynolds number. The performance of the heat exchanger increases with increase in the number of Nusselts. As such, the number of Nusselts is directly proportional to the performance of the heat exchanger. This assignment is makes an invaluable contribution to the UniSA graduate qualities by equipping the graduates with essential knowledge for manufacturing radiators, particularly car radiators an d developing innovative ideas to improve the radiator, which is one of the most crucial components of the car

BURGER KING CASE STUDY Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BURGER KING CASE use up - Term Paper ExampleThus, in modern selling strategies, marketers have mastered the art of creating a need for their product or service offerings or constantly surprising the marketplace, an area where they have a high level of dexterity (Boone and Kurtz 11). The walloper Freakout marketing campaign of Burger King is one of them. Although the forefront purport behind this was to find out if Whopper was the markets favorite burger sandwich, the basic goal was stillness to create a need because this potentially resulted to vocalize-of-mouth promotion highlighting the major justifications of the said product. The Whopper Freakout marketing campaign was a promotional strategy underlying the concept of viral marketing campaigns. Thus, out from this, there are other principal advantages and disadvantages of using viral marketing campaigns to promote a product. cardinal possible disadvantage of viral marketing campaign is the risk of flooding negative opinion s associated with a real product or brand. Viral marketing could potentially be successful on the part of the come with if it is associated with dogmatic conversation on a certain product or brand (Faheem 3). ... Thus, applying viral marketing would just ensure giving more to its advantage while ensuring at some point a fast-paced promotion. Therefore, it is clear that the major advantage of viral marketing campaign is speed (Schirmer 33). Through the word of mouth, if tuition is just only associated with positive opinions, viral marketing campaign is reliable based on the effectiveness of the speed of promotion. Thus, this would further minimize the additional cost that should be incurred in the dissemination of information that would be associated with the product or service offerings or brands. 2. Discuss the detailors that resulted in the success of the Whopper Freakout campaign. similarly enumerate the possible drawbacks of the campaign. One of the elemental factors that made Whopper Freakout campaign a success is the fact that Whopper was already one of its markets favorite burger. In the event that this burger would have corporeal issue, it would eventually become an integral component of consumers conversation in their daily lives, especially among those who have positive experience with this product. This is due to the fact that Whopper is a consumer good in a form of food. Considering that every people need to eat daily, Whopper Freakout campaign is such a strong strategic marketing campaign in order to reinforce customers regarding the prevailing status of the said product. Furthermore, when consumers would be informed round the status of the said product and they have important concerns as in line with their relevant impressions of it, use of viral marketing campaign would make sense. In fact, the success of this marketing activity is highly underage on consumers first impression (Allen 151). As stated earlier, since

Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Lab score - Essay ExampleIn this case, a stationary body send away obtain kinetic dexterity from a moving. On the contrary, potential readiness is totally not transferable to other body, but it can be converted to kinetic slide fastener.Potential capacity is directly connected with forces. If the work do on a body by a force that moves from point A to B is independent of the class between the two points, then the work done by this force is assigns a scalar set on each point in space and referred to as a scalar potential field. This performer that the integral equation drawn from the line representing the interpolate of force between these two points can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient and it gives the potential field. This potential field is the equivalent of the change in potential energy between the two points.This explains why the springs potential energy is given as a negative value. The negative sign denotes the convection that work done by a force f ield increase the PE while work applied against the force field reduces the potential energyIt is important to note that work is required to either reduce or increase the potential energy of a body. In this case, a change in potential energy principally reflects the work done on the object. Therefore, the integral derivative of a PE function will give the amount of work done. once again the value is given as a negative figure to denote that the work done has lessen the PE possession of the body.1. A normal pendulum with a few modifications can be used to achieve connatural objectives. In this case, a zero position for the pendulum is identified. Since many labs are done on table reachs, the table top is assigned to be the zero height (mean) position. If the tabletop is designated the zero position, then the PE of an object is dependent on its congenator height from the tabletop. Therefore, by obtaining the mass of the pendulum and its relative height from the table top, the grav itational

International Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Finance - eluding Study ExampleIn 1993, ICI demerged its bioscience businesses to a publicly listed company, Zeneca free radical PLC. 1997 saw ICI transforming from a regional manufacturer of bulk chemicals to a global specialty chemical and paints leader with the acquisition of Unilevers Speciality Chemicals businesses. everyplace the last decade, ICI has transformed its portfolio through a number of acquisitions and divestments worth more than 12 billion. Proceeds from divestments brook helped ICI reduce its net debt and improve its balance sheet strength (ICI Annual Report, 2006).This paper evaluates the international operations of ICI and discusses how important international trade is for the ICI Group. Various analyses be conducted such as strategic, financial, SWOT, and risk to provide a deeper insight into the companys international operations.ICI Board incorporates of the Chairman, Chief Executive, 3 directors, and five non-executive directors. Collectivel y, the Board is responsible for the success of the company. done the Chief Executive, the Board delegates to management the overall performance of the company through the setting of clear objectives, mental synthesis long-term management capability and ensuring that the business is managed in conformity with the business principles.Core businesses Core businesses of ICI comprise ICI Paints and the adhesives, specialty starches, specialty polymers and electronic materials operations of National amylum. These businesses serve diverse consumer and industrial markets through 40 strategic business units. These businesses are supported by Group functions that provide expertise in the disciplines of tuition technology, finance, human resources, operations, procurement, safety, security, and applied technology (ICI Annual Report, 2006). ICI Paints has some of the worlds leading paint and decorative product brands. ICI makes products to pull in and care for many building materials, and provides coatings for cans and packages. It is headquartered in the UK and has operations in 25 countries (ICI Annual Report, 2006).National Starch markets a broad array of products to various sectors such as food, healthcare and construction. It has four divisions that are group around adhesives, specialty starches, specialty polymers and electronic materials. National Starch is headquartered in the United States, and has manufacturing and customer improvement centres in 39 countries (ICI Annual Report, 2006). ICI has a number of regional and industrial businesses, principal operations for which are located in Pakistan and Argentina. They include the manufacture of pure terephthalic acid, polyester, sulphur-related chemicals, wine chemicals and soda ash (ICI Annual Report, 2006). ICI is headquartered in the UK, with geographically diversified operations worldwide. Asia and Latin America account for 36% of sales, North America 33%, Europe 29%, and the rest of the world 2%. ICIs bu sinesses have adopted a staffing policy whereby local anaesthetic nationals are typically hired. Total employee strength at ICI is 29, 130, of which 87% are located outside the UK. ICI Group has operations in more than 50 countries around the world. More than 60% of the Groups revenue comes from sectors which are believed to be non-cyclical in nature, such

Leading and Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leading and Managing Change - Essay ExampleStudies of leadership put into perspectives various slipway in which different issues can be approached and dealt with according to certain leadership approaches.Good leadership is practically attributed to leaders that understand set objectives and works out all ways to achieve them they understand the greatness of teamwork and great deals different skills and talent endowment. On the other hand, lots of misplaced priorities and failure to achieve set objectives characterise leadership that is often questi 1d by people. Leaders who cannot manage people effectively in various businesses and organizations symbolize this kind leadership.Businesses and organizations are often described by the kind of existing management structures in the performance of set objectives, in this case, management describes the function charged with coordination of peoples efforts towards accomplishment of goals and objectives using functional resources effi ciently and effectively (Mullins 2007 45-6). In organizations, leaders who know and understand how to deal with different kinds of people engage sound management systems that achieve set objectives. It is often said that said that as far as business and organizational leadership is concerned, people are the most important resources available. The ability to work with people effectively, understanding and fulfilling their needs is the basis for all success in businesses and organizations.Employees are the biggest and highly valuable assets for any organisation, the performance and attitude towards the business and organisation are crucial towards the success and failure of the organisation (Wellington 2011 24). To the manager, one of his most difficult duties is to manage his people effectively, as part of his management responsibilities, he is supposed to volunteer leadership, motivation, training, inspiration and moral support at all times during his life

Individual 4 Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual 4 Criminal Justice - Essay ExampleThis report give palm with the economical issue associated with the decision. It depart also address with any constitution issue related to it. further it will discuss about the names in prison privatization and how they have impacted corrections.The division of department of corrections plays an important part in the criminal justice process. DOC is often the final stop. By the duration a person is sent to prison to serve a sentence, he or she has had contact with at least four (and sometimes more) different agencies and public officials. The criminal justice process creates checks and balances to make authorized the administration of justice is fair and equitable.The focus of Department of Correction is on the social well world of the society. Being able to increase the effectiveness of the department will give a definite permute in crime and will increase public safety. The main question is how it makes an economic sense. In th e be of the study area as a whole, the most frequently mentioned anticipated effect of the prison is that it will be good for the local economic system. The most frequently mentioned anticipated dogmatic effects are that it will Be good for the local economy/improve the standard of living, Increase population, Create employment opportunities (directly), and/or while building (indirectly).Economic development experts throughout the state consider correctional facilities to be positive contributors to local economies, providing good-paying jobs and benefits in communities where employment is scarce. When proposed prisons are on the table, local newspapers are filled with articles reporting soaring claims for economic salvation and flyers flood into local coffee shops, general stores and mini-marts. The purported benefits are described by a California Department of Corrections official who states Prisons not only stabilize a local economy but can in fact rejuvenate it. There are no seasonal fluctuations, it is a non-polluting industry, and in many circumstances it is virtually invisible... Youve got sight that are working there and spending their currency there, so now these communities are able to have a Little League and all the kinds of activities that people want. 1. As a result of such claims, the competition for prison development projects has become fierce and political. constitutive(a) IssuesThe existence of constitutional rights for any individual is dependent upon mechanisms to uphold these rights and protect them from violation or denial. The Department of Corrections have supervisory and protective care, custody, and control of the inmates, buildings, grounds, property, and all other matters pertaining to the following facilities and programs for the imprisonment, correction, and rehabilitation of expectant offenders. In establishing, operating, and utilizing these facilities, the department shall attempt, whenever possible, to avoid the placem ent of non- chanceful offenders who have potential for rehabilitation with repeat offenders or dangerous offenders. Medical, mental, and psychological problems shall be diagnosed and

The Sample Technical Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Sample Technical Report - Research Paper ExampleThis paper outlines that the flavour of document is professional and formal. Teacher education language is used in terms of talking near the curriculum. Students will also learn concepts that teachers use in creating curricula and courses. The report focuses on 2012 teacher and student STARTALK programs and non on other blended learning programs Is the report credible? Why or why non? In what ways does the document ensure its credibility? What information/data/research and/or methods does it flummox? Is the document persuasive? Why or why not? The report is credible because it has a excrete research design with clear data-collection procedures and discussions of results. It also provides the data at the end of the report, so that readers can cow dung the data themselves. For instance, raw figures on the teacher and student blended programs are presented in Table 5 in the Appendix On average. In addition, the report does not m ake sweeping generalizations. For instance, it says In conducting much(prenominal) studies, researchers must bear in mind that cost-effective instruction does not necessarily result in highly effective education .

Bioremediation Procedures of Crude Oil Impacted Soil Essay

Bioremediation Procedures of Crude embrocate Impacted Soil - Essay ExampleSome features of the spill location show the characteristics usually associated with a priority spill of toxic substance a spill that seeps down through the sub scratch strata and wherefore comes into contact and interaction with the groundwater. The entire description of the ecosystem and environment where the spill occurred is a sooner complex question. represent inferences and a consultation of the USGS Ground Water Atlas infer that the contamination would, because of the largely rural character, stretch more readily through the food chain and have a greater impact than when such a spill would occur in predominantly non-rural locations. This is by reason of the greater saturation thinkable where a rural ara presents less paved and therefore sealed off superficial surface runoff, situations. First, the groundwater flow direction is determined by drilling two or more wells. A non-toxic home run is made to suggest the velocity of groundwater flow, and the testing reveals the contaminant character and concentration. This site today has well upwardly of 75 wells that all have data that is constantly changing. Concentrations that are available for wells 604b (years 1987, 90, 92, 93 and 95) 532c (1986, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95), would be fairly good indicators of both groundwater flow direction and extent of contamination spread because they are separated by a reasonable distance and lie in the line of predominant groundwater flow. The contaminants preserve are benzene, toluene m, p-Xylene o-Xylene isopropylbenzene and Dissolved oxygen, and are parameters which can suggest the effectiveness of the bioremediation. The idea is that aerobic rather than anaerobic processes are predominant. The rationale for this is that where the contaminant concentrations go to zero the Dissolved oxygen concentration increases.

Web or Mobile System Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Web or Mobile System Paper - Essay ExampleThere are different types of forms available that includes responses and Google results that pot be emailed to bothone. Google will ask about the type of the document for example word document, presentation or spreadsheet if a new document is opened. Moreover, the documents are easily assembled into separate folders and keep be restricted to specialised users. The folders can be moved anywhere and can be prearranged according to the date or time.Google Docs provides deepen contracting options for the users that allow the modification of HTML or CSS. As it is a web page creator, if any user is not able to find any option for a precise effect from the standardised menu option, HTML and CSS will be up to the task (Mendelson, 2011). It is easy to modify or edit a file but some users may find it difficult. HTML editing is also call for to modify page numbers, page orientation or columns in the document. Moreover, drawings and images can al so be circumscribed however, charts are not available in Google Documents. Furthermore, charts can be aligned to the left, right, below and up, as they cannot float. Organizations can also use Google Docs for their business by transforming stand-alone spreadsheets in to online documents that will considerably save the cost. Moreover, thither are no operating system and hardware compatibility issues, as the application is easily accessible online. However, matched web browser is required for accessing Google docs.Google Docs homepage consist of a robust editor that includes all the features useful for the editing. A single menu bar is present that allows the users to add different font styles or text sizes into the document. As compare to Microsoft formatting options are reduced while the important options are still available for the users ease. The Google suite includes necessary tools that can help to create resumes, letters, thesis documents or other professional as, well as ac ademic

Close reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Close reading - Essay ExampleMatusky and Sooi (2004) studied the Malayansian leap and commented that the Malaysian musical traditions were always go with with jump or leaping drama that did not have any dialogue as its essence was to engage the audience to the set act so that they could derive a meaning out of the performance. This acted as an act that included the attributes of the classical or common people music2. As a result, the dance incorporated the expenditure of the body more so the hands and the feet. thusly through their traditional Malay music, the Malay dancer(s) introduced the use of hands as they swayed their hands from boldness to side or up and down as a form to express emotion and attachment to the song. Malay classical dance history and characteristics The early Malay dances incorporated various dance forms such as mak yong, mek mulung and manohra and these were practiced often in the courts thus their origination. The mak yong comprised of a much dramatiz ed dance act that depicted the stories of the princes and princesses. The women who acted as princesses wore royal costumes while the men wore the same costumes and an additional male clown. Their dance was also accompanied by drums, gongs and a serunai. The dance is also associate to Puteri, which is an ancient ritual that was believed, that when it was performed by the dancers, it was prone to release occult arts powers and as a result, the kings did not follow much on that, rather they adopted the dance that was related to theatrical performances. This dance involved the simple act of a female and a male at the courts. Manohra also sh atomic number 18s some aspects with mak yong such as the dance that consists of the female and the male and it also incorporates more of dance rather than the story that is behind to the dance set being performed. Manohra also served as a traditional and respected ritual and it was also believed to have the aspect of super natural powers. When the dance was performed, it was always accompanied with the serunai, two gedung, two gedumbak, kesi, bamboo or wood clappers and gongs. As of today, there exists only two quick manohra groups in Malaysia and tey happen to occupy the parts of Kelantan. Mek mulung on the other hand involved a dance drama that depicted a local legend that had happened in the community. As a result this dance also had the same aspects in meaning and body gesture when compared to mak yong and manohra. When the dance was performed, it was always accompanied with the use of the serembong, gong, serunai and ceruk. The oldest surviving Malaysian performance traditions can be dated back to the peoples of the orang Asli communities of Peninsular Malaysia who are very scarce in numbers in the region. Some of the community sub groups include the Negrito communities that include the Bateq, Jahai, Kensui, Kintak, Lanoh and Mendriq peoples and they are located in the Kelantan, Pahang, Perak and Terengganu regions. The Senoi include the Che Wong, Jahut, Mahmeri, Semai, Semoq Beri and Temiar peoples who are located in Kelantan, Pahang, Perak and Selangor, and the Proto-Malay peoples incorporate the Jakun, Orang Kanaq, Orang Laut, Orang Seletar, Semelai and Temuan) majoritively in Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang. The Orang Asli performances involved the incorporation of music, song and dance and they were preformed mainly at cordial events

Patient satisfaction with dental care services Essay

Patient mirth with dental care function - Essay ExampleInfact, current core of modern marketing involves targeting consumer blessedness because it is only through client blessedness that organizations arouse thrive, survive and grow. Dental service too the likes of any other organization is concerned with consumer gladness or patient bliss. There is enough reason to show that patient compliance, adherence to dentist and improved outcomes of treatment are related to patient satisfaction like in any other healthcare sector. Specifically, in dental services, a patient may need to meet the dentist several times, because many procedures are done in several sittings and can cause pain, distress and financial burden. Thus, it is only through patient satisfaction, that a patient can be made to come back to the same dentist. In this essay, patient satisfaction with dental care services with be discussed through review of suitable literature.Studies pertaining to consumer satisfaction were first done in 1960s and since in that respect more than 15,000 articles have been published in this regard (Newsome and Wright, 1999a). According to Patterson et al (1997 cited in Newsome and Wright, 1999a), the satisfied customer is an indispensable means of creating a sustainable advantage in the competitive environment. In the terrain of health care, consumer satisfaction has been widely recognized and is considered as a recognition of quality. Such a widespread importance for consumer satisfaction has occurred because of recognition of the need for involvement of the consumer in the process of health care. (Tuominene, and Tuominene, 1998). In health care system, clinical outcome of higher(prenominal) quality is directly dependent on the level of compliance to treatment regimens, which in turn is dependent on patient compliance. A patient who is satisfied is compliant with appointments and treatments advised and hence, high quality in health care cannot be achieved withou t

The Cost Accounting System of Bagalot PLC Coursework

The Cost account statement System of Bagalot PLC - Coursework ExampleOn the overall analysis, it can be stated that the cost musical arrangement in Bagalot PLC is not appropriate and it requires certain changes. To justify this, light can be thrown on the findings of the congenital team, which is appointed to study the overhead costs in both the plants. The findings can be summarised and demonstrated as followsThe above outcomes signify the importance of the production and post-production related activities. If the overhead cost of a product is work out based on the production-run direct labor, then the other activities willing be surely ignored. It implies that the adopted implement for the cost calculation is not effective as it takes into account only the partial costs.Based on the above explanation, it can be recommended to the Bagalot management to bring certain transformation in the host system or to change the method of the cost estimation. In this note, the management c an be proposed to adopt Activity-Based cost ( rudiment). In this case, one question can crop up that whether both the plants should adopt the technique or not. It is true that variations in the activities argon less in the Bath plant, but the mechanism of estimating overhead expenses is similar. Therefore, it will be better if ABC method can be applied to both the plants.There are several activities in Bristol plant and few activities in Bath plant. The activities are receiving and production control, encase and shipping, plant management and facilities and most importantly set up labor. By implementing ABC method, the organization will be able to monitor each activity that has a contribution in direct overhead. It will result in effective cost structure as well as transparent mechanism. In the last part, cost of each product of Bagalot has been calculated according to the activity-based costing method. In this portion of the paper, the profitability of the Briefcases based on the new approach (ABC method) will be computed. A relative analysis of the old and new methods can be presented in a tabular format to inning out the best approach.

Environmental Problems, Mitigation Measures and Effectiveness Essay

Environmental Problems, Mitigation Measures and Effectiveness - Essay ExampleThe other anthropogenetic activity is destruction of the graphic environment by unsustainable use of resources, a factor that has also resulted in world climate changes (Dalby, 2002 44). Atmospheric pollution is the main cause of global warming it results from the accumulation of hundred IV oxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, trapping heat from the sun in the earths atmosphere. Greenhouse gases atomic number 18 by-products of industrial combustion, which means that the extent to which a country contributes to global warming by these gases depends on the take aim of industrialization a high level of industrialisation causes increased consumption of fossil fossils. Fossil fuels like natural gas, oil and its products imbibe a high carbon content that is released in huge quantities and at a faster rate than can be sequestered by natural carbon sinks like forests and oceans. In this case, f irst world nations and rapidly developing third world nations ar the main contributing agents to environmental abjection by industrial pollution. On the other hand, environmental humiliation can occur receivable to unsustainable use of natural resources like forests and water bodies this is a serious fuss in developing countries (Adil, 2005 315). The economies of these countries are primarily agricultural based the high rate of population emergence necessitates high agricultural production for food security. However, deteriorating climatic conditions beat reduced the productivity of land in these areas, forcing people to clear more forests for agricultural purposes. Consequently, forests that play a role in precipitation are destroyed, and the areas receive less rainfall this has a negative effect on agricultural productivity, which forces further clearance of forested areas. This cycle goes on and on until many of productive lands have become barren, especially due to poor farming practices and the dependence on rains for agriculture in these countries. Some of the effects of environmental abjection include loss of biodiversity decreasing ice coverage on mountain tops and poles that pose a threat to sustenance of the hydrological cycle and desertification by loss of vegetation cover. Moreover, it causes climatic changes like extreme survive conditions whereby dry areas get drier, hot areas hotter, and wet areas wetter and a rise in sea level that destroys sceneries and property (Barry and Eckersley, 2005 255). Based on the economic implications of these changes and their threat to survival of life in the planet, governments and international organisations have taken measures to mitigate the effects of the environmental problems that result from these changes (Carter, 2001 282). These measures target the two main aspects of environmental degradation including pollution and unsustainable use of resources there have been some level of success though wi th some limitations too. This reputation discusses the measures taken by governments and international organisations the extent of success of these interventions the limitations facing effective implementation of interventions and the consequences of these measures. Intervention Measures Governments have come up with environmental policies that aim at encouraging adoption of environmentally sustainable approaches by their citizens. For instance,

Human Development- Psychological and SocialConsequences of Obesity Term Paper

Human Development- Psychological and SocialConsequences of Obesity - Term Paper Exampleevelopment, this study will first discuss basic information about obesity followed by discussing the psychological and sociable consequences of obesity. After discussing the factors that contributes to high rate of obesity, some of the recommended ways on how obese individuals rout out effectively nurse their weight will be tackled in details.Obesity is defined as an excess of body expound that frequently lead to a significant impairment over a mortals wellness and longevity (House of Commons Health Committee, 2004). In general, a normal weight is computed using the Body peck Index (BMI) wherein the normal range for an adult should be between 18.5 to less than 25 (BMI 18.5 to 25 kg/m2). BMI measurement between the ranges of 25 to less than 30 (BMI 25 to 30 kg/m2) is considered overweight and BMI measurement that exceeds 30 (BMI 30 kg/m2) is considered obese.The application of BMI method is computed based on the height of a person and age including the waist circumference. Based on the computation result, obesity can be classified each as (1) coterie I (BMI 30 to 34.9 kg/m2) (2) Class II (BMI 35 to 39.9 kg/m2) and (3) Class III (BMI 40 kg/m2) (Berg, 2003 NHLBI, 1998). (See Appendix I Body Mass Index on knave 20)There are quite a number of techniques that can be used in step body fat. Among these techniques include the use of bioelectrical impedance, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and the total volume of the bodys water study (Berg, 2003). Since these methods are quite impractical to use, medical practitioners simply adopt the BMI method. Aside from the use of BMI method, medical practitioners can also use the formula weight in pounds divided by height in inches square multiplied by 703 or weight in kilograms divided by height in meters square up (Berg, 2003).Obesity is a serious health problem since it could lead to negative affects related to a persons phy sical health, emotional well-being, and psychosocial functioning

Social Policy - Diabetes Essay Example for Free

Social Policy Diabetes EssayExamine a contemporary affable effect (which may or may non have been coered during the module) paying grouchy attention as to why this disclose has become convoluted and for whom. Also, con rampr what should be done about your chosen issue and any role that nursing/social work top executive have in dealing with it. A social issue empennage be defined as social cracks identified by scientific inquiry and values as detrimental to human well up-being (Manis 1976). I believe that a social issue croupe be anything that affects a person in a bad way and affects their bar of b bump. It could be something from a wellness problem to something to do with a financial issue within soulfulnesss home. I am going to focus on the health of the public and have chosen to pay attention to the social issue of diabetes token 2. I am going to pay particular attention to why diabetes has become problematic in the community and for who it is causing a prob lem to. eccentric 2 diabetes move ons when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal logical argument glucose direct, or your lugg grow compartment is unable to use the insulin that is produced (NHS Choices).You ar likely to develop pillowcase 2 diabetes if you be over the age of 40, have a relative with the condition or argon overweight. A person is normally plan to have symbol 2 diabetes if he or she does not have case 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent) or monogenetic diabetes (WHO). Patients that suffer from oddball 2 diabetes generally be give wayn dietary guidance so that they can manage their decline sugar and they are as well advised to take their personal credit line sugar once a day to work on sure that it is fifty-fifty. Patients should withal increment physical activity and condition their weight.It is pregnant that diabetes type 2 is supportled so that it doesnt progressively get worse and lead to diabetes type 1 diabetes which would mean the patient would become insulin dependent. Diabetes type 2 is problematic for the patient as during every(prenominal)day living they have to make sure they are aware of what they are releaseing and doing to make sure they control their own blood sugar to keep themselves healthy. A patient suffering from type 2 diabetes mogul tone of voice self conscious at meal times as they may have to eat something different to the deal they are dining with.This can vitrine the persons self applaud to be mitigated and they could be embarrassed to eat around other lot as they might feel like they are being segregated from the group. A patient also has to exercise regularly which they might find difficult to fit into their lifestyle but in piece to control their blood sugar effectively it should become an important part of their prevalent life. It can also be problematic on the health approachs. Current estimates suggest that direct health cost of diabetes accounts for 5% of the UK health cost (Payne, Barker 2010).This percentage doesnt even include the full cost of the problem. There are also costs related to sickness from work, disability and to a greater extent than 10% of hospital bed days. Since 1996 the way out of plenty diagnosed with diabetes has increased from 1. 4 million to 2. 9 million. Most of these cases will be Type 2 diabetes, because of our ageing population and rapidly rising numbers of overweight and obese people. This suggests to us that the demands on the health redevelopment are going to increase which will therefore cost more money. These statistics also tell us that an increase in obesity is going to affect diabetes.obesity is change magnitude in the UK such that over half the population are now overweight or obese. This has significant health consequences, causing an increase in the risk of diabetes (Payne, Barker 2010). The government have suggested that obesity is resulting in health costs increasing and life expectancy decreasing. One of the social consequences for a person that is obese or overweight is that they are seen negatively upon and discriminated against. This can happen in all situations in social environments and can affect a person in many different ways such as low self-esteem and depression.Obesity is causing an increase risk of diseases that are associated with it. This will also increase health costs as well as making the health of the public worse. If type 2 diabetes is not controlled then type 1 diabetes can develop. This is worse because the patient becomes dependant on insulin. It usually develops in the teenage historic period of someones life. This has to be given my subcutaneous injection (Payne, Barker 2010), this makes sure that the insulin levels are regular and forms the basis of dietary management. They will also have to regularly check their blood sugars.They will oft fill monitoring, assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors because they have many f eatures of metabolic syndrome. There are many different complications that are caused by diabetes. If you have diabetes, you are up to five times more likely to develop heart disease or have a stroke (WHO). When the blood glucose levels are increasing it results in the furring and narrowing of your blood vessels which may result in a brusk blood supply to the heart. This can lead to a heart attack or a stroke. This doesnt only put the patients life at risk but it also results in a huge cost on the NHS.It can also affect the patients family a friends hugely emotionally but also physically if they are in need of care later the event. It can change the patients life style dramatically. It is not only the blood vessels tight-fitting the heart that are affected it is also the blood vessels in the nerves. This sometimes causes a tingling thaumaturge in your limbs. If the nerves in the digestive system are affected a patient may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation. T his will make the patients life very uncomfortable. melodic line vessels in the retina can become blocked or leaky, or can grow haphazardly. This prevents the light from richly passing through to your retina. If it is not treated, it can damage your vision (NHS Choices). If a patient doesnt control their blood sugar levels they are very likely to develop serious centre of attention problems. Having an annual middle check up with a specialist, an ophthalmologist, can help to see the signs of an eye problem sooner so that it can be treated. Another problem that diabetes can lead to in a blockage of the blood vessels in the kidney, this makes the kidneys work slight efficiently.In very rare cases this can lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis or even a kidney transplant. Another reason why diabetes affects peoples health and health costs is because 1 in 10 people with diabetes get a foot ulcer (WHO). abuse in the nerves of the foot can mean that small nicks and cuts are not noticed. They will not be noticed because the nerves are damaged the patient with these small cuts wont feel the pain from them. If these small cuts are not noticed a serious infection can occur and it can lead to the development of a foot ulcer.If patients develop nerve damage they should check their feet every day and report any changes to a nurse or doctor. When a nurse is visiting a patient with diabetes they should look out for sores and cuts that do not heal as well as glob and swelling. There are always going to be other side effects to having diabetes but these are the most common. Another problem that diabetes can cause is an increased risk of a miscarriage or stillbirth. It is important that women that are pregnant are aware that they have diabetes so that the blood sugar level can be carefully controlled during the early stages of pregnancy.If it is not carefully controlled there is also an increased risk of the baby developing a birth defect (NHS Choices). with ch ild(predicate) women with diabetes will usually have their prenatal check-ups in hospital or a diabetic clinic. As a nurse it is important we make sure pregnant women with diabetes are aware of this. This allows the care team to keep a close eye on the patients blood sugar levels and control your insulin dosage more easily, if you regulate your blood sugar using insulin. They will also be able to monitor the growth and development of your baby.Pregnant women are also at risk of having larger babies than normal which causes problems during the birth of the baby as well as the late stages of pregnancy. It can cause other problems to the mother during the birth such as tear on the vagina or even to the stage they have to go through with a suzerain. All of these side affects cost the NHS money. This can be reduced by people eating healthier and exercising so that they do not form the illness of diabetes in the first place. One example of how much diabetes can cost health services is t he Lucentis injection.This is a shot that helps to prevent people with severe diabetes going unreasoning but it costs ? 1000. This is a huge amount of money when you put it into proportion to the amount of people that have diabetes in the UK. With around 5,000 new cases a year, NICE is reluctant to recommend the use of Lucentis for treating DMO, diabetic macular oedema (Global Diabetes Community). A report by the NHS entitled Prescribing for Diabetes in England reported that over the last 5 years, the cost of drugs and treatments alone in companionship to treat people with diabetes had risen by 40% from ? 458.6 million in 2004/5 to ? 649. 2 million in 2009/10.These statistics tell us that the number of people in the UK with diabetes has risen. This could be due to the fact that the number of people that are obese in England has risen. The UK is the fattest country in Europe. The number of obese adults is forecast to rise by 73% over the following 20 years from to 26 million peopl e, resulting in more than a million exceptional cases of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer (Global Diabetes Community). The cost of diabetes in 2010 was 13. 750 billion pounds just for the year on the NHS.This cost includes the treatment, drugs, inpatients and outpatient appointments for diabetes type 1 type 2. There is also other services that are include into the treatment such as the social service. The amount of money that is spent on each type of diabetes for each different field of force of expenditure can be seen in appendix 1. The cost of in patients with diabetes is the greatest. This is due to the fact when diabetes gets so severe people need time in hospital to rectify and be treated for other illnesses that diabetes has caused them.Type 1 diabetes cost 1. 802 billion pounds in 2010 where as diabetes type 2 diabetes cost 11. 718 billion pounds. This is due to the fact type 2 diabetes is more common in the UK. Although it can be controlled by changing your lifes tyle it is not always diagnosed and therefore can cause more problems than if the patient was aware they had this condition. There should always be actions in place to try and decrease the number of people in the UK that have diabetes.Published in 2001, The National Service Framework for Diabetes contains baseball club standards for the provision of high quality diabetes services in what it treasure as a growing area of need. The prevention of type 2 diabetes will play a major part in this because if people are eating healthier and exercising more they are slight likely to form diabetes type 2 but if they do people should be able to identify that they have diabetes in order for them to control their own condition. By controlling their own blood sugar they will be less likely to end up in hospital with another illness related to this condition.In order to do this the NHS want to see public awareness campaigns to communicate the seriousness of diabetes and its complications, the ri sk factors of type 2 diabetes (Young 2011) This should hopefully point the public in the right direction to whether they have diabetes so that they can assay help and advice in order to keep as healthy as possible in their everyday life. It is important that as nurses we give advice to our patients they importance of NHS checkups and healthy living so that patients with diabetes reduce the risk of illness.As a nurse health promotion is always important for any condition. Health promotion has evolved into an exceedingly broad sphere of activity encompassing health education, lifestyle and preventative approaches (Scriven, Orme 2001). As nurses we have to concentrate on on improving the health of our patients and the public. One way in which we can promote health to our patients is plot of land we are working alongside them in hospital is to provide structured information in breeding for stressful events (Macdonald, Bunton 1992).When a patient has diabetes it could mean that we g ive the patient information about how to manage this condition at home so that they live a healthy lifestyle. There is a lot of substantial evidence that suggests passing on information to the patient and communicating with them reduces anxiety and speeds up recovery time. more recently, the need to adopt more individualised, patient-centred approaches, incorporating a recognition of the importance of self-efficiency beliefs and the wider barriers to taking health action, has been widely recognised (Norton 1998).This could suggest that one patient may just need the advice to be told to them while another patient needs instructions on how to use this advice at home, maybe written down or extra support at home depending on the health and well-being of this particular patient. While I was on placement it was an important job to help the patients chose what they would like to eat the next day by cream in a menu. For a diabetic they would have different choices and then a pudding with less sugar in to the other patients.It was important that as a student nurse helping them I helped to promote the healthier options to all patients in order for them to eat a healthy balanced diet. This would not only mean that they would eat healthier while in hospital but it would also give the patients an idea of what to eat at home to have a balanced diet. The department of health also help to ensure that the public with diabetes are cared for to reduce health costs and to improve the publics health. One way that they do this is to ensure that local authorities commission a fully funded health check programme and a follow-up action.

Climate and Polar Maritime Air Essay Example for Free

mood and Polar Maritime demeanor EssayTo what extent is the mode of the British Isles a growth of the business line muckle that push it?Climate is defined as the weather averaged over a 30 year period, with weather being obstinate by temperature, humidity, trace and precipitation. The temper in the British Isles is described as cool temperate occidental maritime humour, although there are regional differences in climate across the British Isles with average temperatures ranging from -0.2 to 20.9 degrees Celsius. The climate of the British Isles is make up ones mindd by the movement of five major railway line battalion. However, it is as well influenced by other constituents, including its topography, ocean currents, latitude, and weather systems. Firstly, it faecal matter be argued that way rabble play a large part in the overall climate of the British Isles. Air dregs of the people are large bodies of standard atmosphere with reasonably homogeneous t emperature, pressure and humidity throughout. There are five main air great deal that influence the climate tropical maritime(TM), polar maritime (PM), tropical continental (TC), polar continental (PC) and arctic maritime (AM). The teaching of the air masses can be seen in the diagram below. equatorial Maritime conveys warm damp air from the Atlantic Ocean.This warm air hits areas of high relief in western England and Wales, causing the air to rise, which means clouds form. Areas of high relief in the west of England include Dartmoor and Exmoor. The air is very moist as it is from the ocean, so there is lots of precipitation. This wind is warm, which means that is has a warming affect in the winter, save in the Summer because the land has a swallow specific heat capacity, it heats up more than the Atlantic ocean. Therefore it has a cooling affect in summer. Tropical Continental air masses bring hot and dry air in summer. This causes high temperatures with very little precipit ation, and is the reason for heat waves in the British Isles. For example the heat wave in July 2013, where temperatures reached 33.5C . Polar Maritime air masses bring cold moist winds as they originate from a north west direction, over the Atlantic Ocean.This therefore causes very cold wet weather in the British Isles, especially in the westerly parts of the British Isles where there is high relief causing precipitation. Polar Maritime air is ascendant over the winter season. Polar Continental air masses originate from high latitudes such as Siberia so therefore bring very cold conditions with them, however as they come from land not ocean, the air masses bring dry conditions. gelid airmasses originate over the Arctic Ocean where high pressure dominates.The air masses bring extremely cold temperatures, however is exclusively dominant in winter, and both(prenominal)times in spring. However this air mass is more likely to affect the climate in Scotland, and northern England, as it has come from a northernly direction. Overall this shows that air masses do play a earthshaking role in the overall climate of the British Isles, however some air masses are more dominant than others in different seasons, and some air masses are dominant in different areas of the British Isles.The climate of the British Isles is likewise greatly bear upon by weather systems such as lows. Mid Latitude depressions are formed over the Atlantic Ocean on the Polar front. They move in an easterly direction across the British Isles. The depressions are low pressure systems that are formed when moist, warm air meets drier, colder PM air. The warm, moist air is coerce upwards, by the colder denser air. The Coriolis effect causes the air to rotate in an anticlockwise direction. The jet stream is also confused as it moves the depression from west to east. The climate associated with depressions is strong winds, clouds and precipitation. However the climate is dependent on which air mass is over the British Isles. Polar maritime air brings average temperatures for the season in winter, some 5C-8C in January, but cooler temperatures for the summer season, at around 16C to 18C in July. This air mass also brings lots of precipitation.Tropical maritime air brings humid and mild weather in winter, with temperatures averaging at around 12C-14C in January. Tropical maritime can also bring thunderstorms , due to the humidity and low pressure. An example of when a depression has greatly affected the British Isles was the Great Storm in 1987. This fast moving depression caused wind speeds of up to 81mph. The British Isles experienced lots of rain devolve, and there was even an increase in temperature by 6C in places, where the warm front was situated. This shows how depressions can have great impacts on the climate of the British Isles, however this large depression is not common, so does not usually affect the climate. Overall, depressions have a great impact on the cl imate of the British Isles both in winter and summer, however it can be argued that air masses play an important role in the governing body of depressions, so this also shows that air masses indirectly affect the climate.The BritishIsles has a latitude between 50N and 60N. This has a great impact on the climate that it experiences, core that the latitude is some other factor that will influence the climate of the British Isles. The latitude of an area will affect how much siriasis it will receive. This is due to the angle of incidence, which can be see in the diagram below. A larger angle of incidence will mean that the insolation from the sun will only disperse over a small area, whereas a small angle of incidence means the same amount of insolation will be spread over a larger area. At a 30 angle, a one wile wide ray of insolation will be dispersed over a two mile radius, whereas an angle of incidence of 90 with the same ray of insolation will be dispersed over a one mile ra dius. Higher latitude have smaller angles of incidence, meaning that they will receive less insolation.Therefore the latitude of the British Isles means that there will be temperate conditions. It is not likely that the British Isles will experience a very hot climate due to the fact that id does not receive enough insolation to heat up the surrounding air and ground. This can be seen if you compare the average yearly temperatures of the British Isles compared to Somalia, which is found at a lower latitude of 2.03. The British Isles has an average temperatures ranging from 8.5-11C. In contrast Somalia has temperatures around 24-31C. This demonstrates how that latitude of an area can greatly impact the temperature, which means it affects the overall climate of the area. This shows that latitude is a factor other than air masses that will impact the climate of the British Isles.Altitude is another factor that influences the climate of the British Isles. On average the air temperature falls by 0.65C every 100m rise in altitude. This is due to the fall in pressure as the altitude increases, meaning molecules have less kinetic energy. For example Ben Nevis has a height f 1,344 metres, and has an average annual temperatures of -5C, compared to the British Isles which has an average annual temperature of around 8.5-11C. This shows that altitude has a direct impact on the temperature of the British Isles, so areas of high altitude in the west of the British Isles, such as Cambrian will have lower temperatures.The altitude of the British Isles will also cause precipitation, as when moist air masses move across areas of high relief, the air masses are forced upwards, where thecool condense and form clouds. For example in Wales the Cambrian mountains receive over 100mm rainfall per month all year round. This is due to the tropical maritime and polar maritime winds pitch moist air. Overall this shows that altitude can have a large impact on the climate of the British Isl es, however air masses are also involved in this, which demonstrates that air masses still play a significant role in the overall climate. Lastly, ocean currents are another factor that have a large impact on the climate of the British Isles. The most significant ocean current is the Gulf Stream, which . Gulf Streams are influencedIn conclusion, the climate of the British Isles is a product of air masses so a large extent. Although there are many other factors that also affect the climate, air masses are also involved in these factors, such as the formation of depressions, or the movement of ocean currents. Therefore air masses so also indirectly influence the climate of the British Isles, meaning that they play the most significant role in affecting the climate.

Orhan Pamuk, The Art of Fiction Essay Example for Free

Orhan Pamuk, The Art of Fiction attemptOrhan Pamuk was born in 1952 in Istanbul, where he continues to live. His family had made a fortune in railroad plait during the early twenty-four hour periods of the Turkish Republic and Pamuk attended Robert College, where the kidren of the citys privileged elect(ip) reliable a secular, westerly-style education. Early in life he developed a passion for the visual arts, and after enrolling in college to study architecture he decided he wanted to write. He is outright washouts most widely read author. His graduation novel, CevdetBey and His Sons, was produce in 1982 and was followed by The unfathomed House (1983), The discolour Castle (1985/1991 in English translation), The down(p) Book(1990/1994), and The New Life (1994/1997). In 2003 Pamuk genuine the Inter content IMPAC Dublin Literary Award for My signalise Is Red (1998/2001), a murder mystery tick in sixteenth-century Istanbul and narrated by multiple voices.The novel explores themes central to his lying the intricacies of identity in a outlandish that str matchles East and West, sibling rivalry, the existence of doubles, the value of beauty and originality, and the anxiety of cultural influence. S today (2002/2004), which focuses on phantasmal and policy-making radicalism, was the prototypical of his novels to confront semi governmental extremism in contemporary Turkey and it confirmed his standing only oversea even as it divided opinion at home. Pamuks most recent book is Istanbul Memories and the urban c drop off (2003/2005), a double portrait of himselfin childhood and youthand of the place he comes from. This inter shot with OrhanPamuk was conducted in ii sustained sessions in London and by correspondence. The first conversation occurred in May of 2004 at the period of the British publication of Snow. A special room had been booked for the meetinga fluorescentlit, noisily air-conditivirtuosod corporate space in the hotel basemen t.Pamuk arrived, wearing a black corduroy jacket over a light-blue shirt and dark slacks, and observed, We could die here and nobody would ever find us. We move back to a plush, quiet corner of the hotel lobby where we spoke for three hours, pausing only for coffee and a wimp sandwich. In April of 2005 Pamuk returned to London for the publication of Istanbul and we settled into the same corner of the hotel lobby to say for two hours. At first he seemed quite strained, and with reason. Two months earlier, in an interview with the Swiss sweetspaper Der Tages-Anzeiger, he had give tongue to of Turkey, thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians were killed in these lands and nobody besides me d bes to talk close it. This honour set off a relentless campaign against Pamuk in the Turkish nationalist advertize.After all, the Turkish government persists in denying the 1915 genocidal slaughter of Armenians in Turkey and has imposed laws severely restricting demonstrateion of th e on- waiver Kurdish conflict. Pamuk declined to discuss the controversy for the public record in the hope that it would soon fade. In August, however, Pamuks remarks in the Swiss paper resulted in his world charged downstairs Article 301/1 of the Turkish Penal Code with public denigration of Turkish identitya crime punishable by up to three years in prison.Despite outraged international press coverage of his case, as well as vigorous protest to the Turkish government by members of the European Parliament and by International PEN, when this magazine went to press in midNovember Pamuk was still slated to stand trial on December 16, 2005. INTERVIEWER How do you feel about giving interviews? ORHAN PAMUK I whatsoevertimes feel nervous because I give stupid answers to certain pointless questions. It happens in Turkish as much as in English. I speak bad Turkish and utter stupid clock times. IOrhanPamuk, Interviewed by ngelGurra-Quintana sport been attacked in Turkey more for my int erviews than for my books. Political polemicists and columnists do non read novels in that respect. INTERVIEWER Youve generally received a positive response to your books in Europe and the United States. What is your critical reception in Turkey? PAMUK The good years are over now. When I was publishing my first books, the previous generation of authors was fading away, so I was welcomed because I was a new author. INTERVIEWER When you say the previous generation, whom do you rescue in mind? PAMUK The authors who felt a kindly responsibility, authors who felt that literature serves morality and politics. They were flat realists, non experimental. Like authors in so many poor countries, they wasted their talent on severe to serve their nation. I did not want to be desire them, because even in my youth I had enjoyed Faulkner, Virginia Woolf, ProustI had neer aspired to the amicable-realist model of Steinbeck and Gorky.The literature produced in the sixties and seventies w as becoming outmoded, so I was welcomed as an author of the new generation. After the mid-nineties, when my books began to sell in amounts that no genius in Turkey had ever dreamed of, my h geniusymoon years with the Turkish press and intellectuals were over. From consequently on, critical reception was mostly a reaction to the publicity and sales, rather than the content of my books. Now, unfortunately, I am notorious for my semipolitical commentsmost of which are picked up from international interviews and shamelessly manipulated by some Turkish nationalist journalists to make me look more radical and politically foolish than I rightfully am. INTERVIEWER So there is a hostile reaction to your popularity? PAMUK My dependable opinion is that its a sift of punishment for my sales figures and political comments. only I dont want to continue truism this, because I sound defensive. I may be misrepresenting the whole picture.INTERVIEWER Where do you write? PAMUK I take a shit incessantly thought that the place where you sleep or the place you fate with your partner should be withdraw from the place where you write. The domestic rituals and details somehow kill the imagination. They kill the demon in me. The domestic, tame e realday routine makes the farseeinging for the another(prenominal) world, which the imagination needs to operate, fade away. So for years I perpetually had an office or a little place outside the house to work in. I always had different flats. only if once I spent half a semester in the U.S. while my ex-wife was pickings her Ph.D. at Columbia University. We were living in an apartment for married students and didnt soak up any space, so I had to sleep and write in the same place. Reminders of family life were all nearly. This upset me. In the mornings I used to say goodbye to my wife like some hotshot going to work. Id turn over the house, walk around a few blocks, and come back like a person arriving at the office. Ten year s ago I instal a flat overlooking the Bosphorus with a view of the old city. It has, perhaps, one of the best views of Istanbul. It is a twenty-five-minute walk from where I live. It is full of books and my desk looks out onto the view. E actually day I spend, on average, some ten hours there.OrhanPamuk, Interviewed by ngelGurra-QuintanaINTERVIEWER Ten hours a day? PAMUK Yes, Im a hard worker. I enjoy it. People say Im ambitious, and maybe theres truth in that too. however Im in love with what I do. I enjoy sitting at my desk like a child playing with his toys. Its work, essentially, alone its fun and games also. INTERVIEWER Orhan, your namesake and the narrator of Snow, describes himself as a clerk who sits down at the same time every day. Do you have the same discipline for composition? PAMUK I was underlining the clerical nature of the novelist as contradictory to that of the poet, who has an immensely prestigious tradition in Turkey. To be a poet is a popular and respected thing. close of the faggot sultans and statesmen were poets. moreover not in the way we understand poets now. For hundreds of years it was a way of anchoring yourself as an intellectual. Most of these people used to collect their poems in manuscripts called divans. In item, blow court poetry is called divan poetry. Half of the Ottoman statesmen produced divans. It was a sophisticated and educated way of writing things, with many rules and rituals.Very naturalized and very repetitive.After Western estimates came to Turkey, this legacy was combined with the romanticistic and modern idea of the poet as a person who burns for truth. It added extra weight to the prestige of the poet. On the other hand, a novelist is essentially a person who covers distance through his patience, slowly, like an ant. A novelist impresses us not by his demonic and romantic vision, but by his patience. INTERVIEWER Have you ever written poetry? PAMUK I am often asked that. I did when I was eighteen and I publish some poems in Turkey, but thus I quit. My account statement is that I realized that a poet is someone through whom God is speaking. You have to be possessed by poetry. I tried my hand at poetry, but I realized after some time that God was not speaking to me.I was sorry about this and whence I tried to conceiveif God were speaking through me, what would he be saying? I began to write very meticulously, slowly, trying to figure this out. That is prose writing, fiction writing. So I worked like a clerk. Some other writers consider this reflexion to be a bit of an insult. But I accept it I work like a clerk. INTERVIEWER Would you say that writing prose has bring forth easier for you over time? PAMUK Unfortunately not. Sometimes I feel my denotation should enter a room and I still dont know how to make him enter. I may have more self-confidence, which sometimes terminate be un garterful because then youre not experimenting, you just write what comes to the tip of your pen. Ive been writing fiction for the last thirty years, so I should presuppose that Ive improved a bit.And yet I still sometimes come to a dead end where I thought there never would be one. A pillow slip cannot enter a room, and I dont know what to do. Still After thirty years. The division of a book into chapters is very most-valuable for my way of hypothesizeing. When writing a novel, if I know the whole fiction line in advanceand most of the time I doI divide it into chapters and think up the details of what Id like to happen in each. I dont necessarily live on with the first chapter and write all the others in order. When Im blocked, which is not a grave thing for me, I continue with whatever takes my fancy. I may write from the first to the one-fifth chapter, then if Im not enjoying it I skip to number fifteen and continue from there. INTERVIEWER 3OrhanPamuk, Interviewed by ngelGurra-QuintanaDo you mean that you map out the entire book in advance? PAMUK Everything. My Name Is Red, for instance, has many characters, and to each character I assigned a certain number of chapters. When I was writing, sometimes I wanted to continue being one of the characters. So when I unblemished writing one of Shekures chapters, perhaps chapter seven, I skipped to chapter eleven, which is her again. I liked being Shekure. Skipping from one character or component part to another can be depressing. But the final chapter I always write at the end. That is definite. I like to tease myself, ask myself what the ending should be. I can only execute the ending once. Towards the end, onwards finishing, I stop and rewrite most of the early chapters. INTERVIEWER Do you ever have a ref while you are working? PAMUK I always read my work to the person I share my life with. Im always grateful if that person says, Show me more, or, Show me what you have make today. Not only does that provide a bit of necessary pressure, but its like having a mother or evolve going unde r ones skin pat you on the back and say, Well done.Occasionally, the person go out say, Sorry, I dont buy this. Which is good. I like that ritual. Im always reminded of Thomas Mann, one of my role models. He used to bring the whole family to recrudesceher, his six children and his wife. He used to read to all his gathered family. I like that. Daddy telling a story. INTERVIEWER When you were young you wanted to be a painter. When did your love of painting give way to your love of writing? PAMUK At the age of twenty-two. Since I was seven I had wanted to be a painter, and my family had accepted this. They all thought that I would be a famous painter. But then something happened in my headI realized that a screw was lightand I stopped painting and immediately began writing my first novel. INTERVIEWER A screw was loose? PAMUK I cant say what my reasons were for doing this. I recently published a book calledIstanbul. Half of it is my register until that moment and the other half is an essay about Istanbul, or more precisely, a childs vision of Istanbul.Its a combination of thinking about images and landscapes and the chemistry of a city, and a childs perception of that city, and that childs autobiography. The last sentence of the book reads, I dont want to be an artist, I said. Im going to be a writer. And its not explained. Although reading the whole book may explain something. INTERVIEWER Was your family happy about this decision? PAMUK My mother was upset. My take was somewhat more understanding because in his youth he wanted to be a poet and translated Valry into Turkish, but gave up when he was mocked by the upper-class circle to which he belonged. INTERVIEWER Your family accepted you being a painter, but not a novelist? PAMUK Yes, because they didnt think I would be a full-time painter. The family tradition was in civil engineering. My grandfather was a civil engineer who made lots of money building railroads.My uncles and my father lost the money, but th ey all went to the same engineering school, Istanbul Technical University. I was expected to go there and I said, All right, I will go there. But since I was the artist in the family, the whimsicality was that I should become an architect. It seemed to be a satisfying solution for everyone. So I went to that university, but in the middle of architectural school I suddenly quit painting and began writing novels. INTERVIEWER Did you already have your first novel in mind when you decided to quit? Is that why you did it? PAMUK As far as I remember, I wanted to be a novelist before I knew what to write. In fact, when I did start writing I had two or three false starts. I still have the notebooks. But after about six months I started a major novel project that ultimately got published as CevdetBey and His Sons. INTERVIEWER That hasnt been translated into English. PAMUK It is essentially a family saga, like the Forsyte Saga or Thomas Manns Buddenbrooks. Not long after I finished it I bega n to regret having written something so outmoded, a very nineteenth-century novel.I regretted writing it because, around the age of twenty-five or twenty-six, I began to impose on myself the idea that I should be a modern author. By the time the novel was finally published, when I was thirty, my writing had become much more experimental. INTERVIEWER When you say you wanted to be more modern, experimental, did you have a model in mind? PAMUK At that time, the great writers for me were no longer Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Stendhal, or Thomas Mann. My heroes were Virginia Woolf and Faulkner. Now I would add Proust and Nabokov to that list. INTERVIEWER The opening line of The New Life is, I read a book one day and my whole life was changed. Has any book had that effect on you? PAMUK The Sound and the Fury was very important to me when I was twenty-one or twentytwo. I bought a copy of the Penguin edition.It was hard to understand, especially with my poor English. But there was a wonderful tra nslation of the book into Turkish, so I would to do the Turkish and the English together on the table and read half a paragraph from one and then go back to the other. That book left(a)(a) a mark on me. The residue was the voice that I developed. I soon began to write in the first person singular. Most of the time I feel collapse when Im impersonating someone else rather than writing in the third person.INTERVIEWER You say it took years to get your first novel published? PAMUK In my twenties I did not have any literary friendships I didnt belong to any literary group in Istanbul. The only way to get my first book published was to submit it to a literary competition for unpublished manuscripts in Turkey. I did that and won the prize, which was to be published by a big, good publisher. At the time, Turkeys parsimoniousness was in a bad state. They said, Yes, well give you a contract, but they delayed the novels publication. INTERVIEWER Did your twinkling novel go more easilymore quickly? PAMUK The gage book was a political book. Not propaganda. I was already writing it while I waited for the first book to appear. I had accustomed that book some two and a half years. Suddenly, one night there was a phalanx coup. This was in 1980. The next day the would-be publisher of the first book, the CevdetBey book, said he wasnt going to publish it, even though we had a contract. I realized that even if I finished my second bookthe political bookthat day, I would not be able to publish it for five or six years because the military would not allow it. So my thoughts ran as follows At the age of twenty-two I said I was going to be a novelist and wrote for seven years hoping to get something published in Turkey...and nothing.Now Im approximately thirty and theres no possibility of publishing anything. I still have the two hundred and fifty pages of that unfinished political novel in one of my drawers. Immediately after the military coup, because I didnt want to get de pressed, I started a third bookthe book to which you referred, The Silent House. Thats what I was working on in 1982 when the first book was finally published. Cevdet was well received, which meant that I could publish the book I was then writing. So the third book I wrote was the second to be published. INTERVIEWER What made your novel unpublishable under the military regime? PAMUK The characters were young upper-class Marxists. Their fathers and mothers would go to summer re consorts, and they had big spacious rich houses and enjoyed being Marxists.They would fight and be jealous of each other and plot to blow up the prime minister. INTERVIEWER grace revolutionary circles? PAMUK Upper-class youngsters with rich peoples habits, pretending to be ultraradical. But I was not making a moral judgment about that. Rather, I was romanticizing my youth, in a way. The idea of throwing a bomb at the prime minister would have been enough to get the book banned. So I didnt finish it. And you c hange as you write books. You cannot assume the same persona again. You cannot continue as before. Each book an author writes represents a period in his development. Ones novels can be seen as the milestones in the development of ones spirit. So you cannot go back. once the elasticity of fiction is dead, you cannot move it again.INTERVIEWER When youre experimenting with ideas, how do you choose the form of your novels? Do you start with an image, with a first sentence? PAMUK There is no constant formula. But I make it my business not to write two novels in the same mode. I try to change everything. This is why so many of my readers tell me, I liked this novel of yours, its a shame you didnt write other novels like that, or, I never enjoyed one of your novels until you wrote that oneIve comprehend that especially about The Black Book. In fact I hate to hear this. Its fun, and a challenge, to experiment with form and style, and language and mood and persona, and to think about each book differently. The subject matter of a book may come to me from several(a) sources. With My Name Is Red, I wanted to write about my ambition to become a painter. I had a false start I began to write a monographic book focused on one painter. and then I turned the painter into various painters working together in an atelier. The point of view changed, because now there were other painters talking. At first I was thinking of writing about a contemporary painter, but then I thought this Turkish painter might be too derivative, too influenced by the West, so I went back in time to write about miniaturists.That was how I found my subject. Some subjects also necessitate certain formal innovations or storytelling strategies. Sometimes, for example, youve just seen something, or read something, or been to a movie, or read a newspaper article, and then you think, Ill make a murphy speak, or a dog, or a tree. Once you get the idea you start thinking about symmetry and continuity in the novel. And you feel, Wonderful, no ones done this before. Finally, I think of things for years. I may have ideas and then I tell them to my close friends. I keep lots of notebooks for manageable novels I may write.Sometimes I dont write them, but if I open a notebook and begin taking notes for it, it is likely that I will write that novel. So when Im finishing one novel my heart may be set on one of these projects and two months after finishing one I start writing the other.INTERVIEWER Many novelists will never discuss a work in progress. Do you also keep that a secret? PAMUK I never discuss the story. On formal occasions, when people ask what Im writing, I have a one-sentence stock reply A novel that takes place in contemporary Turkey. I open up to very few people and only when I know they wont hurt me. What I do is talk about the gimmicksIm going to make a cloud speak, for instance. I like to see how people react to them. It is a childish thing. I did this a lot when writing Ist anbul. My mind is like that of a little playful child, trying to show his daddy how clever he is. INTERVIEWER The word gimmick has a negative connotation. PAMUK You begin with a gimmick, but if you believe in its literary and moral justness, in the end it turns into serious literary correction. It becomes a literary statement. INTERVIEWER Critics often characterize your novels as postmodern. It seems to me, however, that you draw your narrative tricks primarily from traditional sources. You quote, for instance, fromTheThousand and One Nights and other classic texts in the eastern tradition.PAMUK That began with The Black Book, though I had read Borges and Calvino earlier. I went with my wife to the United States in 1985, and there I first encountered the prominence and the immense richness of American culture. As a Turk coming from the Middle East, trying to establish himself as an author, I felt intimidated. So I regressed, went back to my roots. I realized that my generation ha d to contemplate a modern national literature. Borges and Calvino liberated me. The connotation of traditional Islamic literature was so reactionary, so political, and used by conservatives in such old-fashioned and foolish ways, that I never thought I could do anything with that material. But once I was in the United States, I realized I could go back to that material with a Calvinoesque or Borgesian mind frame.I had to begin by making a strong distinction between the religious and literary connotations of Islamic literature, so that I could easily enchant its wealth of games, gimmicks, and parables. Turkey had a sophisticated tradition of highly refined ornamental literature. But then the socially committed writers emptied our literature of its innovative content. There are lots of allegories that repeat themselves in the various oral storytelling traditionsof China, India, Persia. I decided to use them and set them in contemporary Istanbul. Its an experimentput everything toget her, like a Dadaist collage The Black Bookhas this quality. Sometimes all these sources are fused together and something new emerges. So I set all these rewritten stories in Istanbul, added a detective plot, and out came The Black Book. But at its source was the full strength of American culture and my desire to be a serious experimental writer. I could not write a social commentary about Turkeys problemsI was intimidated by them. So I had to try something else. INTERVIEWER Were you ever interested in doing social commentary through literature? PAMUK No. I was reacting to the sr. generation of novelists, especially in the eighties.I say this with all due respect, but their subject matter was very narrow and parochial. INTERVIEWER Lets go back to before The Black Book. What inspired you to write The White Castle? Its the first book where you employ a theme that recurs throughout the rest of your novelsimpersonation. Why do you think this idea of becoming somebody else crops up so of ten in your fiction? PAMUK Its a very personal thing. I have a very competitive brother who is only eighteen months older than me. In a way, he was my fathermy Freudian father, so to speak. It was he who became my alter ego, the representation of authority. On the other hand, we also had a competitive and brotherly comradeship. A very complicated relationship. I wrote extensively about this in Istanbul. I was a typical Turkish boy, good at soccer and impetuous about all sorts of games and competitions. He was very successful in school, better than me.I felt jealousy towards him, and he was jealous of me too. He was the reasonable and responsible person, the one our superiors addressed. While I was paying guardianship to games, he paid attention to rules. We were competing all the time. And I fancied being him, that kind of thing. It set a model. Envy, jealousythese are heartfelt themes for me. I always worry about how much my brothers strength or his success might have influenced me. This is an essential part of my spirit. I am certified of that, so I put some distance between me and those sensations. I know they are bad, so I have a civilized persons determination to fight them. Im not saying Im a victim of jealousy. But this is the galaxy of nerve points that I try to deal with all the time. And of course, in the end, it becomes the subject matter of all my stories. In The White Castle, for instance, the almost sadomasochistic relationship between the two main characters is based on my relationship with my brother. On the other hand, this theme of impersonation is reflected in the fragility Turkey feels when faced with Western culture.After writing The White Castle, I realized that this jealousythe anxiety about being influenced by someone elseresembles Turkeys position when it looks west. You know, aspiring to become Westernized and then being accused of not being authentic enough. seek to grab the spirit of Europe and then feeling guilty about the imi tative drive. The ups and downs of this mood are reminiscent of the relationship between competitive brothers. INTERVIEWER Do you believe the constant confrontation between Turkeys Eastern and Western impulses will ever be peacefully resolved? PAMUK Im an optimist.Turkey should not worry about having two spirits, belonging to two different cultures, having two souls. schizophrenic disorder makes you intelligent. You may lose your relation with realityIm a fiction writer, so I dont think thats such a bad thingbut you shouldnt worry about your schizophrenia. If you worry too much about one part of you killing the other, youll be left with a single spirit. That is worse than having the sickness. This is my theory. I try to propagate it in Turkish politics, among Turkish politicians who demand that the country should have one consistent soulthat it should belong to either the East or the West or be nationalistic. Im critical of that monistic outlook.INTERVIEWER How does that go down in Turkey? PAMUK The more the idea of a democratic, liberal Turkey is established, the more my thinking is accepted. Turkey can join the European Union only with this vision. Its a way of fighting against nationalism, of fighting the elaborateness of Us against Them. INTERVIEWER And yet in Istanbul, in the way you romanticize the city, you seem to mourn the loss of the Ottoman Empire. PAMUK Im not mourning the Ottoman Empire. Im a Westernizer. Im pleased that the Westernization process took place. Im just criticizing the limited way in which the ruling elitemeaning both the bureaucracy and the new richhad conceived of Westernization. They lacked the confidence necessary to create a national culture rich in its own symbols and rituals.They did not strive to create an Istanbul culture that would be an ingrained combination of East and West they just put Western and Eastern things together. There was, of course, a strong local Ottoman culture, but that was fading away little by little. What they had to do, and could not possibly do enough, was invent a strong local culture, which would be a combinationnot an imitationof the Eastern past and the Western present. I try to do the same kind of thing in my books. belike new generations will do it, and entering the European Union will not destroy Turkish identity but make it flourish and give us more freedom and self-confidence to invent a new Turkish culture. Slavishly imitating the West or slavishly imitating the old dead Ottoman culture is not the solution. You have to do something with these things and shouldnt have anxiety about belonging to one of them too much. INTERVIEWER In Istanbul, however, you do seem to determine with the foreign, Western gaze over your own city. PAMUK But I also explain why a Westernized Turkish intellectual can identify with the Western gazethe making of Istanbul is a process of identification with the West. There is always this dichotomy, and you can easily identify with the Eastern an ger too.Everyone is sometimes a Westerner and sometimes an Easternerin fact a constant combination of the two. I like Edward Saids idea of Orientalism, but since Turkey was never a colony, the romanticizing of Turkey was never a problem for Turks. Western man did not humiliate the Turk in the same way he humiliated the Arab or Indian. Istanbul was invaded only for two years and the enemy boats left as they came, so this did not leave a deep scar in the spirit of the nation. What left a deep scar was the loss of the Ottoman Empire, so I dont have that anxiety, that feeling that Westerners look down on me.Though after the founding of the Republic, there was a sort of intimidation because Turks wanted to Westernize but couldnt go far enough, which left a feeling of cultural inferiority that we have to address and that I occasionally may have. On the other hand, the scars are not as deep as other nations that were occupied for two hundred years, colonized. Turks were never strangled by Western powers. The suppression that Turks suffered was self-inflicted we erased our own history because it was practical. In that suppression there is a sense datum of fragility. But that self-imposed Westernization also brought isolation. Indians saw their oppressors face-to-face. Turks were strangely isolated from the Western world they emulated. In the mid-fifties and even 1960s, when a foreigner came to stay at the Istanbul Hilton it would be noted in all the newspapers.Do you believe that there is a canon or that one should even exist? We have heard of a Western canon, but what about a non-Western canon? PAMUK Yes, there is another canon. It should be explored, developed, shared, criticized, and then accepted. Right now the so-called Eastern canon is in ruins. The glorious texts are all around but there is no will to put them together. From the Persian classics, through to all the Indian, Chinese, and Japanese texts, these things should be assessed critically. As it is now, the canon is in the hands of Western scholars. That is the marrow of distribution and communication. INTERVIEWER The novel is a very Western cultural form. Does it have any place in the Eastern tradition? PAMUK The modern novel, dissociated from the desperate form, is essentially a non-Oriental thing.Because the novelist is a person who does not belong to a community, who does not share the basal instincts of community, and who is thinking and judging with a different culture than the one he is experiencing. Once his consciousness is different from that of the community he belongs to, he is an outsider, a loner. And the richness of his text comes from that outsiders voyeuristic vision. Once you develop the habit of looking at the world like that and writing about it in this fashion, you have the desire to disassociate from the community. This is the model I was thinking about in Snow. INTERVIEWER Snow is your most political book yet published. How did you conceive of it? PAMUK Wh en I started becoming famous in Turkey in the mid-1990s, at a time when the war against Kurdish guerillas was strong, the old leftist authors and the new modern liberals wanted me to help them, to sign petitionsthey began to ask me to do political things unrelated to my books. Soon the establishment counterattacked with a campaign of character assassination.They began calling me names. I was very angry. After a while I wondered, What if I wrote a political novel in which I explored my own spiritual dilemmascoming from an uppermiddle-class family and feeling responsible for those who had no political representation? I believed in the art of the novel. It is a strange thing how that makes you an outsider. I told myself then, I will write a political novel. I started to write it as soon as I finished My Name Is Red. INTERVIEWER Why did you set it in the small town of Kars? PAMUK It is notoriously one of the coldest towns in Turkey. And one of the poorest. In the early eighties, the who le front page of one of the major newspapers was about the poverty of Kars. somebody had calculated that you could buy the entire town for around a million dollars.The political climate was severe when I wanted to go there. The vicinity of the town is mostly populated by Kurds, but the center is a combination of Kurds, people from Azerbaijan, Turks, and all other sorts. There used to be Russians and Germans too. There are religious differences as well, Shia and Sunni. The war the Turkish government was waging against the Kurdish guerillas was so fierce that it was impossible to go as a tourist. I knew I could not simply go there as a novelist, so I asked a newspaper editor with whom Id been in touch for a press pass to visit the area. He is influential and he personally called the mayor and the police question to let them know I was coming.

Reading More Books Essay Example for Free

indication More Books EssayHow to encourage your children to show more track records Ten commodious ways to develop your childrens desire to designate account book By Chris Barnardo Reading is great for two you and your children and is a fantastic form of relaxation and escapism. Reading books helps your children develop their language skill, extend their vocabulary and their reasonableness of the world. Your childrens spelling and writing skills argon also improved by regular reading. Reading apprize be particularly helpful to your children when they are sledding through difficult times in their comprises, such(prenominal) as the separation of parents,starting a new school, the death of a loved one, bullying, or puberty. A good book gives them a mental place to go where the day to day worries arent so ever present, it gives them new people to meet and apprehends them involved in other peoples stories. Reading develops your childrens creativity. Its better than the television, because when children get involved in the book they are reading, they imagine the characters and scenes, which key fruit all kinds of Fill your house with books and give your kids their protest bookshelf This is especially important if they dont live withyou, because any way you can wee your place feel worry their home, is good, and having their own favourite books in a special place is perfect.Read to your children Set up a r breakine of a bedtime explanation or chapter from their book. Bedtime reading is a great routine to get into because it is a perfect relaxing noseband between the excitement of the day and sleep. It is also a special time for you to be unitedly without the stresses and hassles of the day, a time when all is clam and you are just having fun together. However, dont restrict yourself to bedtimes,read to them whenever the opportunity presents itself.Read them funny or interesting stories from the newspaper when you spot them, save and read out a funny or moving verse form before you eat a meal together get them to read their homework out loud to you when they turn in done it. Page 1 of 2 wonderful images in their minds, in a far more interactive and satisfying way than television can ever do. reading encourages your child to be creative and think for themselves. So, every(prenominal)one knows how good reading is for their children, except how do you encourage them to read, or read more.Here are ten top tips to get you started and get your children reading books. Listen to audio books in the car on longer journeys Audio books make every long journey an adventure in itself. If the story is good and the narration is well done, the journey lead flash by and when you reach your destination you may even find yourselves wanting to stay in the car to hear the end of the story. They can be expensive, but most stories will bear restate listening and the library lend out audio books for free. Dont be a book snob Children are in spired to read by all kinds ofdifferent books, graphic cleans, magazines, web blogs, manuals, intelligence fiction, or teenage romance for example.Let them get interested in reading in some(prenominal) form that takes to start with, once they get into the habit of reading this will expand to take in a wider and wider choice of material over time as their friends introduce them to new books and ideas. C. Barnardo dadcando 2008 How to encourage your children to read more books Talk though the story when you read it Chat nearly the characters in the story. If it is a novel then talking about the main charactersmotivations, asking what your children think the characters are going to do next, or what is going to happen in the story, all add weight to the experience of reading. rent questions about the writers style, or the way the writer describes the scenes will help your children get the most out of the story and will help them in a very subtle (but stringy) way with their own wr itten schoolwork and homework assignments. Discussing stories and listening to what your children have to say about the characters and the situations they encounter in the book will tell you a lot aboutwhat your child is thinking, and help you understand them better.At weekends or on holidays make a treat of getting magazines Magazines have short articles about things they like, horses, cars, fashion, gossip, TV soaps, toys, sympathize with games, and popular science for example. If they really like a particular magazine then consider buy a subscription to it for them as a birthday (or other special occasion) present. Give books as gifts Take the flurry to go to the book spy at the weekend or browse the second hand book shop for interesting titles and involve your children inchoosing the best book as a gift.When giving a book, especially to your children, always write their name and the date and a short message in the book inner(a) the cover or on the flyleaf. Then theyll always know its theirs and know that you think that it is a precious gift that you have chosen specially for them. Choose material that they like There is corporation of time to discover the classics. To start with choose books that you know your children will like. Choose different books to read to them than those which they are going to read to themselves.When you read to them, you can pick books with exciting or thrilling stories that may have longer articles in then they would be able to read themselves. (Always explain a password or phrase if you think that they dont understand it). Perhaps you have seen a moving picture that you all liked, get the book that inspired the film and read that. If they are reading to themselves, a graphic novel or even a comic is an excellent way to start reading well-nigh a film story. Have a word of the day Reading is as much about exploring language and the way stories are told as it is about the storiesthemselves.Look on the web or in a dictionar y and pick a word of the day which you can all learn together. The word you choose can be gross or exciting, different or funny, long or extraneous but above all make sure that it is useful in some way. Get everyone to make up a sentence with the new word in it and give a point or star for the best sentence. If they want, let your children each find and tell their favourite new word of the day. A good time to do this is at meal times when you are all together. ***For some ideas on a few good books that yourchildren might like, have a look at dadcandos what we like this week column or dadcandos recommended Superb kids books on dadcandos Be Inspired, be inspiring pages. Get a poetry book and occasionally read them a poem Poems are fabulous for evoking emotions and feelings. The best poems condense and capture descriptions of scenes or feelings in a very powerful way, bridging the gap between stories and songs. Inspire your children with poems and they will remember lines from them, a nd the times you read to them, for the rest of their lives. Page 2 of 2 C. Barnardo dadcando 2008.