Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity | Experiment

Study of In-vivo Analgesic bodily function ExperimentA) ANIMALSSwiss albino mice (20-25 g) of either get glowering were employ for study of in-vivo painkiller activity. Animals were unploughed chthonic standard laboratory conditions i.e. temprature is 24 2C and relative humidity is 60-70%. The study protocol was approved by the institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC) before experiment (Approval no(prenominal) 1452/PO/a/11/CPCSEA). Albino-Swiss mice were taken from Laboratory Animal Ho lend oneself, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur, Rudrapur (U. S. N agar-agar) and used for the study. The animals were procured from IVRI, Bareilly (U.P.) The animals were kept in polypropylene cages and maintained on balanced ration with stop access to clean drinking weewee. All experimental procedures were conducted in concord with the guide for Care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the local animal care and use committee. All of the animals were le ft for 2 old age in the laboratory for acclimatization before the day of experiment and on the last day they were given water only. Minimum of 6 animals were used in apiece group.Wistar rats of either sex weighing (150-200 g) were used for poring over in-vivo anti-inflammatory do drugs and antipyretic activity. Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were used for in-vivo analgesic activity. Animals were maintained under standard laboratory conditions (24 2C relative humidity 60-70%). Study protocol was approved by the institutional Animal Ethics Committee for the Purpose of Control and comptroller on Experiments on Animals (IAEC, Approval No. 1452/PO/a/11/CPCSEA) before experiment. Wiatar Rats and Albino-Swiss mice from Laboratory Animal House Section, Department of Pharmacology, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur, Rudrapur (U. S. Nagar) were used in the study. The animals were procured from IVRI, Bareilly (U.P.). Minimum of 6 animals were used in each g roup.B) ACUTE perniciousness STUDIESThe acute oral toxicity studies were performed to study the acute toxic effect and to deter bite minimum lethal dose of the synthesized compounds. Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were used for the study. The aqueous solution of compounds were administered orally to diametrical groups of over night fasted mice at the doses of 30, 100, ccc, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg embody weight. later on administration of the compounds, animals were observed continuously for the first three hours for some(prenominal) toxic manifestation. Thereafter, observations were make at regular intervals for 24 hrs. Further the animals were under investigation up to a period of one week. The dose mensurable for the synthesized compounds are as following-I) ANALGESIC activenessA) Method 1 heated up plate method Heat is used as a reference book of pain. Animals were individually displace on the hot plate maintain at constant temperature (55C) and the recept ion of animals, such as mitt licking or jump response was taken as the end response. Analgesic doses/compounds increases the reaction time. The method was first described by plait Leimbach (A cut off period of 15 sec is observed to avoid damage to the script). The compounds were change state in the Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (0.5% happy chance). Control, standard and tally compounds were given per orally to the animals and the reaction of time of animals at 15, 30, 60 120 min interval was illustrious on the hot plate after do drugs administration. The method of Eddy and Leimbach employ techno heated plat analgesic apparatus was used. The standard drug Diclofenac Sodium (50 mg/kg) was used reference drug for comparison. The result was tabulated in Table. Results were expressed as means S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed employ the one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukeys Multiple par visitation where p B) Method 2 Acetic Acid generate Writhing MethodAn algesic activity was determined by calculating total number of writhings, following intraperitoneal (I.P) administration of 0.6% (0.1 ml/10g) acetic caustic in mice .7 Albino mice of either sex (25-30 g) were used. Synthesized compounds (QAA-04H-04S) were administered intraperitonealy (0.5 ml) as a suspension in uninventive 0.9% DMSO solution as vehicle. Diclofenac (10mg/kg) was used as the standard drug under same conditions. Acetic acid solution was administered intraperitonealy 30 min after administration of the compounds. 10 min after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid solution, the number of writhings per animal was recorded for 20 min. Control animals certain an equal brashness of vehicle. Results of serving Analgesic activity of compounds were calculated exploitation following formula and the results are shown in table.% Analgesic activity = No. of writhings for delay No. of writhings for test compound *100No. of writhings for controlII) ANTI-PYRETIC ACTIVITY S TUDIESAlbino rats of Wistar strain of either sex weighing amid 170-190g were used. For installment of fever in rats, 20% w/v of brewers yeast in distilled water was administered by subcutaneous injection. All animals were bring forth pyrexia by injection of 10 ml/kg of brewers yeast solution under the skin in between the shoulder blades. The site of the injection was massaged in order to spread the suspension beneath the skin. Basal rectal temperature was measured before the injection of yeast, by inserting digital clinical thermo bill to a depth of 2 cm into the rectum. The revive in rectal temperature was recorded 19 hours after yeast injection.The variant groups of febrile rats were orally administered with the respective drugs and rectal temperature was recorded 30, 60, 120, 180 and 300 minutes post discussion. Decrease in rectal temperature post treatment indicated antipyretic effect. The difference in body temperature was recorded.III) ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITYThe anti- inflammatory activity of compounds on carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema was determined harmonize to the method described by Winter et al. (1962). The experimental animals were divided into x groups, each containing five animals. First group true sterile expression saline (0.85% NaCl) assigned as control and the second group received standard drug Ibuprofen (20 mg/kg b.w., p.o.). The 3rd to tenth groups were administered the test compounds (at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w, hang in 10 ml/kg of 2% gum acacia) orally. After 30 min of administration of test compounds, 0.1 ml of 1% (w/v) carrageenin was injected subcutaneously in the subplantar region of the left hind paw. The right paw served as a reference to non inflammed paw for comparison. The initial paw tidy sum was measured within 30 sec of the carrageenin injection by plethysmometer. The relative increase in paw volume was measured in control, standard and test compounds at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after the carrageenin inject ion. The difference between initial and final readings was taken as the volume of oedema and the percentage inhibition by the compounds was calculated using the formula (Kouadio et al., 2000)% Inhibition = 1- 100where dt is the difference in paw volume in the test compound-treated group and dc the difference in paw volume in the control group.IV) ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITYAntimicrobic chem differentapy plays an primary(prenominal) role in the treatment of many infectious diseases. However repeated and irrational use of some antibiotics result in resistance i.e., ineffectuality of drug against the microorganisms. In the recent past, the emergence of drug resistance to antibiotics is more. This stake stimulated us to prepare new series of antimicrobials.The principle use of antibiotics is to help the body fight bacteriuml and/or fungal infections. The of course of an infection is often linked to a race between the pathogens ability to grow in the host tissue paper and the tissues abi lity to capture and destroy the invading pathogen. Antibiotics are given to break or kill some of the invading Pathogens hopefully, the bodys tissue can then destroy the rest.The effectiveness of an antibiotic is preliminarily determined by the size of the zone of inhibition, but zone size varies according to how soft the antibiotic diffuses through the agar, the type of medium used and many other factors. If a clear zone appears in which there is No microbial growth around the disk, it is called as the zone of inhibition, even though cleanup may take a leak occurred in this zone.(A) Antibacterial ActivityIn our authorized study, antibacterial activity was carried verboten by the agar dispersal method. here the responses of the organisms to the synthesized compounds were measured and compared with the responses of the standard drugs. The standard reference drugs used in the antibacterial screening were Norfloxacin and Gatifloxacin. For antibacterial activity 2 gram positive b acteria i.e. Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus and two gram negative bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli Shigella species were taken. Petridishes, cork borer, beakers, crosspatch syringes and test tubes were sterilise by dry heat sterilization at 160C for 1hr in hot air oven.All the synthesized compounds were dissolve in DMF to make the concentrations of 40g/ml. dressing of nutrient agar mediaPreparation of the bacteriological media involves the following steps-All ingredients were dissolved in distilled water by boiling.The pH of the medium was determined with a pH meter and adjusted if necessary.The medium so prepared was sterilise by autoclaving at a temperature of 121C for 15mins.Preparation of agar platesThe sterilized nutrient media was cooled to 45-46C and inoculated with respective suspension of micro-organisms. They were mixed well and 200ml each of inoculated media were transferred into die petridishes. They were allowed to cool at room temp. Until the agar medium all sol idified. Bores were made using cork borer and 0.1ml solution of test drug and control solutions were separately added to each bores. The sterile discs of standard reference drugs were placed on the surface. The petridishes were kept for 2hrs to allow the drug to diffuse into the agar media. A sterile atmosphere was maintained during the entire process by carrying out the turn tail under Laminar Air Flow bench. All the plates were incubated for 24hrs at 37C. At the end of incubation period, diameters of the zone of inhibition were measured and recorded.(B) fungicidal ActivityThe antifungal activity was carried out by agar diffusion method. The responses of the fungal microorganisms to the synthesized compounds were recorded and compared with the standard reference drugs. Two fungal strains namely Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus were taken for the study. Petridishes, cork borer, beakers, glass syringes and test tubes were sterilized by dry heat sterilization at 160C for 1hr in hot air oven. Each sample compound was dissolved in DMF to make the concentrations of 40g/ml. Clotrimazole and Amphotericin B were used as standard dugs.Media for fungiSabouraud Dextrose Agar 65g procured from Himedia, MumbaiDistilled water 1000mlPreparation of agar mediaThe preparation of the media involves the following steps-Sabouraud Dextrose Agar was dissolved in 1000ml of sterile distilled water by boiling.The pH of the medium was determined with a pH meter and adjusted to if necessary.The medium so prepared was sterilized by autoclaving at a temp. of 121C for 15mins.The sterilized nutrient media was cooled to 45-46C and inoculated with respective suspension of fungal organisms. They were mixed well and 200ml each of inoculated media were transferred into separate petridishes. They were allowed to cool at room temp. Until the agar medium completely solidified. Bores were made using cork borer and 0.1ml solution of test drug and control solutions were separately added to each bores. The sterile discs of standard reference drugs were placed on the surface. The petridishes were kept for 2hrs to allow the drug to diffuse into the agar media. A sterile atmosphere was maintained during the entire process by carrying out the work under Laminar Air Flow bench. Then the plates were incubated at 25C for 48hrs. The zone of inhibition was measured and recorded.V) IN-VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITYMethod followed In vitro inhibition of albumin denaturationDenaturation of proteins is one of the causes of inflammation. Production of auto- antigens in certain rheumatic diseases may be due to in vivo denaturation of proteins. A number of anti-inflammatory drugs are known to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Mizushima and other have employed protein denaturation as in vitro screening model for anti-inflammatory compounds.Materialsbovid serum albumin (sigma)Buffer tablets (7.4 pH)DMFIbuprofen (standard)Distilled water (q.s.)METHODThe test compounds were dissolve d in minimum amount of dimethyl formamide (DMF) and diluted with phosphate yield (0.2M, pH 7.4). The final concentration of DMF in all solutions was less than 2.5%. Test solution (1ml) containing different concentration of drug was mixed with 1ml of 1mg/ml albumin solution in phosphate buffer and incubated at 271C for 15 min. Denaturation was induced by keeping the reaction concoction at 601C in water can for 10 min. after cooling, the turbidity was measured at 660nm in spectrophotometer. The percentage inhibition of denaturation was calculated from control where no drug was added. And compared against standard (Ibuprofen).

How to Improve Competitiveness of Cashmere Industry

How to Improve free-enterprise(a)ness of Cashmere Industry1. INTRODUCTION chinaw argon is the largest cashmere producer in the all over the world, with the sum total proceeds approximately accounting for over 75% of global resultion, followed by Mongolia, Iran, Afghanistan, and southeast Africa. Meanwhile, china is the top cashmere exporter with approximately 80% of global exportsnearly 75% of cashmere crossroads in global cashmere consumption market argon produced in China. (Report on the outset Asian conference on cashmere 2007 China International Cashmere assembly 2005) Additionally, China has the unique geographical favour which is beneficial for raising cashmere goats, among which numerous and first-rate varieties are herded due to the straight and complicated ecological purlieu and long-term artificial selection. Furthermore, the cashmere fibre which exhibits full(a) property in fineness, strength, elongation, is of outdo quality, and and so is called as gold so ft or fibre diamond. Although Chinese cashmere manufacturing owns unique resource war want emoluments, grantd, with the maturation of economic globalization, the industrial tilt among countries is intensified and the dimensions of Chinese cashmere diligence dilate rapidly, due to which a striking number of serious problems kick in been exposed to the Chinese cashmere perseverance, These problems turn out run low the restricting factors of favourable bring onment of the effort, and the attention is inevitably faced with commodious challenges.Therefore, how to enhance the overall conflict and gain combative reward is of abundant greatness to Chinese cashmere industry, which is the major content of this physical composition. This paper begins with the description of the theories on competitiveness, in particular the competitive advantage and gatekeepers National Diamond Model. consequently the paper analyzes the current situation of cashmere industry in Chin a by means of door guards National Diamond Model, along with the case study of undefeated cashmere industries in other countries and well-nigh successful Chinese cashmere companies, to identify the key out lessons that could be learned by Chinese cashmere industry and thus assume the industrial competitive advantages and improve the sustainable development of the industry.2. LITERATURE reappraisalFor each rude, industrial competitiveness is of great importance be compositors case it determines the industrial development level and status in the global market competition, and thus it is peerless of subjects of wide concern from nations to profligates.2.1 Definition of competitivenessThe insights into the question what is the competitiveness derriere be gained from the works of Johnson (1992), Hammer Champy (1993), Murths (1998), Barney (2001) and Esty (2001). From the point of view of Johnson (1992), competitiveness is the capacitance of an entity to succeed more value to and better satisfy the customers than its competitors. Murths (1998) identified that competitiveness is use to demonstrate the economic strength of an economic entity with regard to its rivals inwardly the global market where goods, services, people, skills and ideas are not subject to geographical hindrance and could freely displace (Murths 1998). According to Esty (2001), competitiveness is demonstrated from the aspects of assets and processes. Assets are categorize as inherited hotshot such as natural resources and created unitary similar structures, which are transformed into economic returns by processes. ,2.2 Theories of competitivenessThe a priori foundation of industrial competitiveness could be classified into deuce theories proportional advantage theory and competitive advantage theory.Comparative Advantage hypothesisDavid Ricardo, the classical economist, put forward the comparative advantage theory as the foundation of external trade. Comparative advantage theo ry demonstrates that a country should focus on the industries which feed relatively high production cap cleverness to exchange the goods from the industries with lower production efficiency. (Chacholiades 1990). Heckscher-Ohlin modified and extended the theory, and explained that cross-country variations in relative factor endowments could also shape the pattern of trade (Gankhuyag Ser-Od 2009).Competitive Advantage TheoryIn his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Michael door guard addressed a question Why do some(a) social groups, economic institutions, and nations advance and prosper?( porters beer 1990). On the background of analyzing the characteristics of national environment, Porter addressed the theory of national competitive advantage. Michael Porter pointed out that handed-down economic theories including comparative advantage theory substructurenot explain the sources of competitiveness. Further he stated that industrial competitiveness should be analyzed w ith the competitive advantage theory which indicates the contrastive competitiveness presented with respect to the same industry in different countries or areas under the same competitive environment (Porter 1990). The primary(prenominal) difference between comparative advantage theory and competitive advantage theory is that the former one emphasizes the comparative relationship between different industries at bottom one country however, the competitive advantage theory is about the same industry within different countries. Grant (1991) assessed the book The Competitive Advantage of Nations and expressed that at all three levelsthe sign, the industry and the nation, Porter offers new insights into the determinants of competitive advantage.2.3 Michael Porters National DiamondMichael Porter pointed out that the ability to ensnare or maintain competitive advantage within international market is determined by intravenous feeding direct variables and two con unswervinging variabl es which formed the framework of National Diamond (as seen in Figure 1) The four direct determinants are factor conditions, involve conditions, related and load-bearing(a) industries and firm system, structure and rivalry, and the two indirect variables are chance and government. The six variables have determine that whether a country could have a strong diamondthe competitive advantage. (Porter, 1990)A brief description of the six variables is as below grammatical constituent condition is analyzed from the characteristics of factors of production, the processes by which they are created, and their relationship to firms competitiveness (Grant 1991). The factors are categorized as raw material factors such as natural resources, climate, position and demographics and march on factors such as communications infrastructure, sophisticated skills and research facilities (Porter 1990).For demand conditions, Michael Porter presented that home demand could countenance campaign force for enhancing competitive advantage, because customers demands could exert pressure to the firms (Porter 1990).Source Porter M, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Macmillan press out LTD, London, 1990Figure 1 Michael Porters National DiamondWith respect to related and backing industries Porter stated that whether an industry has competitive advantages is closely associated with its related and supporting industries. Usually a successful industry would collectively develop with a cluster of related and supporting industries instead of standing alone (Porter 1990). trouble firm strategy, structure and rivalry, Porter identified that the different industrial characteristics within different countries determine the competitive advantages (Porter 1990). The characteristics include strategies, structures, goals, managerial practices, individual attitudes and warmth of rivalry within the business sector (Grant 1991).Chance plays a share in influencing the four direct variables a nd thus affects the competitive advantage. Additionally, government could provide chances and make challenges for industries even though it does not directly participate in industry competition (Porter 1990).3. ANALYSIS ON CHINESE CASHEMRE INDUSTRY WITH subject area STUDY3.1 Factor ConditionsIn the book of Competitive Advantage of Nations, Porter noted the variable of factor conditions could be hierarchically categorized as basal factors and advanced factors. The importance of elemental factors is gradually reducing because the demands for basic factors have decreased along with the market globalization, which means multinational companies could bribe within the globalized market. Therefore, it is unstable to build competitive advantage on the basic factors (Porter 1990).From the point view of basic factors, China is preponderant in cashmere resources with the top hat quality of raw cashmere and strong product affect capacity. Meanwhile, China is a crunch-intensive country i n that locationby that is helpful in reducing labour cost and other integrated cost. In comparison with China, Scotland also possesses the advantaged cashmere resources, and the sparing cashmere product is highly admired for its quality and finish. Although the labour cost in Scotland is not as low as in China, the Scottish cashmere industry performs much better than that in China. Therefore, basic factors are less main(prenominal) in determining the industrial competitiveness.While advanced factors are of importance to gain competitive advantage. Advanced factor require ambitious and continuous investment to sophisticated labour and technology expenditure. If a country would like to establish formidable and sustainable industrial competitive advantage through and through the variable of factor conditions, it must develop the advanced factors rather than basic factors. Unlike basic factors, advanced factors cannot be purchased but have to be developed through investment (Porter 19 90).From the point view of advanced factors, in China the capacity of independent transition demand improvement for cashmere firms. Because the Chinese cashmere industry has only developed for a short time, comparing with the European long-term established firms Chinese cashmere firms has large disparity in the aspects of technological fundament and product marketing. Meanwhile, the capacity of independent innovation is imbalanced crosswise cashmere firms in Chinalarge firms put considerable investment on technical innovation whereas small and moderate ones invest in comelyly and lack of creativeness. Although some Chinese cashmere firms has started the research in the field of dyeing and spinning, some key technologies cool off have not been grasped unlike in developed countries.In contrast, Todd Duncan provide the evidence that advanced factors is significant for gaining competitive advantage. Todd Duncan was founded in 1867, and now it has capture the European leading ca shmere yarn knitting firm, which provide cashmere yarn with close to fashionable illusions to opulence strike offs such as Louis Vuitton , Gucci, Prada, Chanel, Herms and Christian Dior. Todd Duncan are well known for its production technologies. As far back as it was founded, Todd Duncan were in the lead in the field of cashmere blending yarn. Now it is shut away well known for its manufacturing technique in single strand. Collaborative with the nearly advanced textile technologies, it produces the finest and noblest yarns. In addition, in Todd Duncan, computer assisted programmes are used in dyeing procedure such as colour management. High-tech facilities like colour matcher are also used to check the colour accuracy, which is in the lead position of the industry (todd-duncan 2010). limited review back to 1980s, it is because paying management to the advanced factor such as processing technology, Chinese cashmere industry could take a turn. In 1980s, some cashmere firms led by Erdos Cashmere Group and Snowlotus Cashmere Group first introduced the to the highest degree advanced cashmere carding machines and carding process from Japan. After learning the process and fashioning further processing technology improvement, Chinese carding technique of goat cashmere made a qualitative leap, and the dehaired cashmere made-up rate and quality exceeded the international level. Thus, it enhanced Chinese cashmere industry into a new age (China International Cashmere Forum 2005).From the examples of Todd Duncan and Erdos Cashmere Group, it can be seen that Chinese cashmere industry should not only rely on the resources advantage. The rapid development of Chinese cashmere industry in the past 30 years mainly manifested the growth of cashmere firm numbers. When the industry enters into autumn, this kind of growth allow for be certainly restricted by the finiteness of the cashmere resources. The industry testament be increasingly detailed classified into smal l sections which ask for higher production specialization degree. Therefore, Chinese cashmere firms must enhance the technology innovation capacity and improve the scientific and technological contents and added value for the cashmere products in sound out to gain competitive advantage in global competition. However, there are some barriers for Chinese cashmere industry enhancing the technology innovation. For small and medium cashmere firms, they have blockage in financing channels that cannot obtain adequate innovative resources. Additionally, the constructions of technology innovation infrastructure, investment policy and favourable jural environment are lagging behind. Only when a beneficial environment established, Chinese cashmere industry can develop technology innovation in order to produce high add-valued products.3.2 Firm Strategy, Structure and RivalryIn terms of firm strategy, structure and rivalry, Porter identified that the competitive advantage is influencing by the different industrial characteristics which include strategies, structures, goals, managerial practices, individual attitudes and effectiveness of rivalry within the business sector (Grant 1991).From the point view of firm strategies, it includes competitive strategy, marketing strategy, branding strategy, etc. According to Philip Kotler, Each family must find the way that makes roughly sense, given its situation, opportunities, objectives and resources (Kotler 1999).At present, however, in the global market a great many cashmere products are produced in China whereas less Chinese cashmere brands could be found in the high-end market. Zhang Zhi, executive director of Erdos Cashmere Group, stated that lacking of brand building is the root cause of blocking up the development of Chinese cashmere industry (China International Cashmere Forum 2005). Most of the exporting cashmere products enter international market through OEM production, however the products in own brands are less th an 10% of the total exports. Chinese cashmere industry has become the processing workshop for foreign companies. Lacking of brand build-up is the most conspicuous weakness of Chinese cashmere industry.Referring to brand building, Loro Piana provides a good example. Founded in 1924 in Italy, Loro Piana now is the largest and foremost cashmere manufacturer in the westward world. On the basis of sourcing finest fibre from Northern China and Mongolia and understanding customers needs and lifestyles, Loro Piana produces cashmere goods in Italian companys own mills, creating and delivering value to consumers (Loro Piana 2010). According to Luxury make Survey, in European high net-worth consumers rank, Loro Piana was ranked as the best of the best luxury brands in the category of mens fashion, followed by Ermenegildo and Giorgio Armani (luxury institute 2010).One Chinese cashmere brand also performs well. 1436 Erdos, a brand belongs to Erdos Cashmere Group. Although the brand of Erdos is regarded as the most well known brand in China, it cannot arouse attention in the global high-end market. Therefore, establishing a global brand is the pursuit of Erdos Group. 1436 Erdos, victorious its secern from the features of its prestige cashmere fibre which is ranked as highest grade, develops finest cashmere products with top quality. On the basis of drawing up the brand strategyserving high-end markets and positioning itself as the worlds leading luxury brand in China, makes other responding firm strategies such as product and marketing strategies to improve its competitiveness in the international market. Erdos cashmere products were given to Mikado, Nipponese Prime Minister and other ministers as official national throw when Chinas national leaders visit to Japan in 2008 when it was only one year since the brand established (1436 Erdos 2010).In addition, according to Porter (1990), the madcap power enhancing firms to participate in international competition is of si gnificant importance. The driving power could be raised from international demand, or local competitions or market thrust. The most relevant factor in creating and maintaining industrial competitive advantage is the powerful rivalry. In the international competition, successful industries must have got through severe domestic competition, and were forced to reform or to renovate.However, in China there are over 2000 cashmere products firms, among which most of them are unequal to(p) of developing new products or exploring new techniques. Most of the firms only can process inferior quality products on the base of imitating other brands style. The competitions among most of the cashmere firms mainly are the price competition. Thus, the current situation of Chinese cashmere industry poorly performsunreasonable redundant low-level production and disorderly competition. In contrast, taking Ballantyne cashmere as example, it presents that rivalry competition could stimulate competitivene ss improvement. Ballantyne Cashmere was founded in 1921 in Scotland, now it is enjoyed by increasing consumers. At present, fashionable cashmere products developed by the fashion firms such as Ralph Lauren, descent, Christian Dior and Givenchy are increasingly widely praised by consumers. Therefore, as the traditional cashmere manufacturer, Ballantyne has begun to consider the new competitors. From the performance of the competitors, Alfredo Canessa, the professorship of Ballantyne has noticed consumers changing demands thus he led Ballantyne to improve the product design by means of combining cashmere with other different textiles like silk fabric (Ballantyne 2010). Likewise, Erdos Group has begun transitions. Erdos cashmere products were complained for outdated design in the past. However, now it is making efforts to rebuild product identity. Gilles Dufour, as former art director of Channel for twenty years, has been invited as the new art director of Erdos Group to develop new cashmere product collections. Gilles Dufour introduced Erdos a semi-fashion trend which advocates the beauty of simple luxury, aiming to establish a leading luxury brand in China in order to improve the competitiveness. (Erdos 2010).Through the examples of Loro Piana, Ballantyne and Erdos Group, it could be found that the firm strategy and rivalry is significantly crucial to enhance competitiveness for both firms and industries. However, cashmere firms have to consider the following barriers when make strategies. First, there is no such a strategy that could be successfully adopted by every firm, and the suitable strategy is the best one. Second, most of the Chinese cashmere firms only pay attention to rivalry competition particularly price competition which could hinder the Chinese cashmere industry form the positive competition awareness.4. CONCLUSIONThe goal of this paper is to find how to improve the competitiveness of cashmere industry in China. In order to the goal, this pape r adopted Michael Porters National Diamond Model to describe the determinants which charm the competitiveness of Chinese cashmere industry. The Diamond theory identifies four direct factors with two indirect factors, namely the factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting strategies and firm strategy, structure and rivalry with chance and government. This paper mainly analyzed how Chinese cashmere industry performs from the aspects of factor conditions and firm strategy, structure and rivalry. Additionally, many cases of successful cashmere firms have been studied to learn the lessons from their business operations in order to provide a reference for Chinese cashmere industry. However there are some barriers should be paid attention by Chinese cashmere firms. Chinese cashmere industry should develop in a sustainable way to improve the competitiveness in global cashmere market.

Hematological Values in Young Adults

Hematological determine in Young AdultsA field of force on complete rake cell appear in schoolboyish healthy Medical individuals digestBackground complete melodic phrase cell aim is a frequently use laboratory sample for the diagnosis of several diseases, in health examination and preoperative evaluation. The value of hematological parameters atomic number 18 affected by a number of factors even in apparently healthy population. latterly it was reported that white blood cell come and blood platelet comes are associated with cardiovascular diseases. It is of interest to note that the premenopausal women fuddle a reject incidence of cardiovascular disease than men possibly due to young-bearing(prenominal) sex hormonal picture on platelet functions. so this get h of age(predicate) of has been conducted in order to determine whatsoever sex sport effect on hematological parameters in apparently healthy male and pistillate young adult subjects.Aims and objectives The aim of this study is to measure the various hematological value in the young adult male and womanish subjects and because to compare their results.Methods 80 young adult students between 17 to 20 historic period of age gathering have participated in this study voluntarily. aft(prenominal) existence informed blood samples of subjects had been taken in morning. Haematological parameters were analysed by Sysmex KX -21 automated hematology analyzer. The haematological changes in between male and female subjects were analyzed by Students paired t test respectively.Result It shows that difference between the levels of first derivative leukocyte cell count on, Hemoglobin and thrombocyte count of the two studied group is statistically hearty (p draw words male, womanish, Blood cell, Hemoglobin, Leucocyte, PlateletIntroductionStudy of hematological parameters same(p) complete blood cell count is a frequently use laboratory test performed to support the diagnosis of several diseases. It is also used in periodic health examination and preoperative evaluation. The values of hematological parameters are affected by a number of factors even in apparently healthy population. These include age, sex, body builds, and nutritional, env squeezemental and social factors with heathenish backgrounds.1 It has been shown in several studies that virtually of the hematological parameters exhibit considerable variation in different period of life. At birth the total Hb level, red blood cell count, PCV are shown to be higher than at any some other period of life.2,3 The levels of these parameters then decrease during the next few months after birth, some more steeply than others, with cells becoming hypo chromic with the development of physiological iron deficiency anemia.4 The Hb content and RBC count then step by step rise and approaches near to the adult levels by the age of puberty.5 In world(a) the male hematological levels are higher than the adult female lev els.6 However, aver et al (1985)7 reported that total white blood corpuscle Platelet counts are importantly higher in adolescent female than adolescent male subjects of 14-16 years of age. Recently it was also reported that white blood cell count and platelet counts are associated with cardiovascular diseases. Total WBC and certain subtype counts in young adulthood are importantly associated with the presence of coronary arteria calcification (CAC) 15 or 20 years later in early(a) mettle age. This suggests possible involvement of WBC in initiation or early development of atherosclerosis at later age of life.8 Therefore, study on WBC at an early adulthood is important.TestMaleFemaleP-valueRBC4.760.384.590.290.075Hb (g/dl)13.581.0512.671.100.005*HCT(%)41.964.5139.922.700.064MCH(pg)28.671.9027.601.610.041*MCHC(g/dl)32.792.2431.700.930.033RDW (fl)46.314.5544.042.670.036*Materials and methods40 healthy females average 20.75 2.23 years old and 40 healthy males , on average 20.83 0 .96 years old a total of 80 people apparently healthy have participated in this study on a voluntary basis. The subjects was excluded from the study, if they Suffer from any hematological, endocrinological, gynecological, cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous disorders and evidence of infection at the time of take in or Subject had history of Blood transfusion or present in last 3 months. The protocol has been explained to the subjects. 2 ml of venous blood sample was drawn between 9 a.m to 12 noon from anticubital vein under aseptic precautions in to a vial containing of 10% potassium EDTA to turn away diurnal variations. The sample was analysed immediately within 1-2 hrs, to avoid any variations due to storage. Hematological parameters such as red blood cell count (CBC), haemoglobin (HBG), hematocrit value (HCT), mean(a) corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte distribution width (RDW), leukocyte count (TL C), Differencial cell count, platelet count (PLT) were analyzed with Sysmex-kx-21 brand blood cell counter wrench in central laboratory of Dhiraj hospital Piparia from July 2012 to Oct 2012. SPSS program has been used in assessment of data. Results have been decided on basis of Mean and commonplace Deviation. t test was applied in independent groups to compare them. 0.05 values were accepted as significant.Results tabulate 1 Erythrocyte Parameters of Male (n=40) and Females (n=40)Table 2 Leukocyte Platelet count of Male (n=40) and Females (n=40)TestMaleFemaleP-valueTotal WBC count7.48 1.857.02 2.000.418Differential Neutrophil count65.33 7.8356.70 13.590.010*Differential Lymphocyte count29.90 9.7235.80 9.740.041*Differential Monocyte count5.85 2.167.49 1.100.002*Total Platelet count218.79 29.96252.54 37.840.001*DiscussionIn our study Erythrocyte parameters like Hemoglobin, MCH and MCHC have been build to be higher in males, total WBC count with neutrophil count also highe r in male subjects. Whenever lymphocyte count, monocyte count and Platelet were higher in female subject. EL- Hazmi and Warsy (2001) studied Saudi Children with ages ranging from 1-15 years. The RBC determine did not Show a Significant Changes in the 1 to 13 year Old but rope slightly beyond this age. No Significant differences were observed in red cell count in the male and female children. White blood cell little by little decreased 2 years onwards, While Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels change magnitude significantly from 2 to 15 years. The same author reported WBC Count 10.9 3.8 x 1012/L , 6.9 3.1 x 10 9/L in one year olds , 9-11 years 12-15 years age group respectively.9 Ghafouri et al (1987) reported that total aim of hemoglobin was 13.7 1.0 g/dl And 13.5 1.0 g/dl, respectively in male female children, with ages ranging from 12-15 years. Hemoglobin Level was Lowest in the two-year olds, and then gradually increased up to 15 years of age in both boys girls. The diffe rences of Boys Girls Level was significant after 14 years of age, The male values were Higher than the female values.10 Usman k et al (2007) studied 302 healthy volunteers, both male and female, ages localize between 20-45 years. They found, in males, the mean Hb concentration of 13.04 g/dl. Was significantly higher than females value of 11.63 g/dl. The RBC Count of 5.3 x1012/L in males was significantly higher than the corresponding Values of 4 x10 12/L in females. On the other hand The mean WBC Count of 8.25 x 109/L in males was lower than the mean values of 8.42 x109/L in females. Similarly the Values for platelet count of 255 x109/L in males were also Significantly lower than corresponding values of 279 x 10 9/L in females .11 Khanduri et al (2005) reported platelet counts in 25 males 25 females normal adult Indians the range being 111-338 (x 10 9 /L) and 137-337 ( x 10 9/L) respectively.12 Earlier Bain (1985) reported the mean platelet counts which were 288 and 262 x 109/L i n Caucasian females and males respectively. 13 Casimir et al (2010) reported that gender influences clinical presentation and markers in inflammatory diseases, in many chronic condititions frequency of complications is greater in females with the increase proceeds of inflammatory markers like CRP (C reactive protein). Neutrophil count and ESR .14 Although numerous studies have been undertaken to examine the effects of Gender and various factor on differential blood counts but results have often been inconclusive and foreign (Makinoda et al,1996)15ConclusionAlthough blood cells of both groups are within the annex range, their being low or high in numbers is based on various factor like age, sex, body build, and nutritional, environmental and social factors with cultural backgrounds. For clearance similar type of studies with multi subject and multi repetition are needed.ReferencesMohson AF, Hazmi EL, Warsy As. sane reference values for hematological parameters, red cell indice s, HbA2 and HbF from early childishness through adolescence in Saudis. AS M 2001 21 165-169.Matoth Y, Zaizon R, Varsano I. Postnatal changes in some red cell parameters. Acta Paediatr Scand 1971 60 371.Marwaha N, Marwaha RK, Narang A, Thusu K,Garewal G, Bhakod ON, Routine hematological values in term newborns. Indian Pediatrics 1992 29 1095-1099.Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Practical Haematology. seventh edition. Londan Churchill Livingstone,1991.Taylor MR, Holland CV, Spencer R, Jackson JF, conner GI, Donnell JR. Haematological reference range for school children. Clin research laboratory Haematol 1997 19 1-15.Kelly A, Munan L. Haematological profile of normal populations red cell parameters. Br J Haemtol 1977 35 153.Tell GS, Grimm RH, Vellar OD. The relationship of white cell count, platelet count, and hematocrit to cigarette smoking in adolescents the Oslo Youth Study. Circulation 1985 72 971-974.Hou L, Jones DL, Ning H, Huffman MD, Fornage M, He K et al. White blood cell count in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification in early middle age coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Circulation 2012 125 11.Gilles HM, Haematology in tropical Africa. Clin Hematol 1981 10 695-705.Ghafouri HM, Alfares AM, Islam SI, Ahmed AO, Jan MY. Haematological reference values assessed from birth to adolescent in Saudi subjects in the stadium of Jeddah. Saudi Med J 1987 8 575-82.Usman K, Syed ZA, Rao AA. References range values of hematological parameters in healthy Pakistani adults. Pak J Physiol 2007 19-22.Khanduri U, Sharma A and Joshi A. occult cobalamin and folic acid deficiency in Indians. The national medical journal of india, 2005 18(4) 182-183.Bain BJ Platelet count and platelet size in males and females. Scand J Haematol 1985 35 77-9.Casimir G, Muller S, Hanssens L, Zilberg K, Duchateau J. Gender differences in inflammatory markers in infancy. Shock, 2010, 33(3) 258-262.Makinoda S, Mikuni M, Sogame M, Kobamastsu Y, Yamada H, Yamamoto R, F ujimoto S, FUruta I. Erythropoietin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, interlukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 during the catamenial cycle. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996 55 265-71.

Challenges to Indias Automobile Industry

Challenges to Indias travel fabricationIndustry OverviewSince the first elevator car rolled out on the streets of Mumbai ( hence Bombay) in 1898, the auto Industry of India has come a presbyopic way. During its early stages the railcar perseverance was overlooked by the then Government and the policies were profligately non favorable. The liberalization policy and various tax reliefs by the Govt. of India in new-fangled old age has made remarkable bushels on Indian locomote Industry. Indian auto application, which is currently comeing at the pace of most 18 % per annum, has perform a hot destination for man(a) auto players corresponding Volvo, Genneral motors.The self-propelling exertion is facing new and pressing challenges. Globalization, individualizations, digitalization and change magnitude rivalry argon pressing the face of the diligence. In increment, increasing sentry duty requirements and voluntary environmental commitments by the self-propelling in dustry countenance also contributed to the changes ahead. Size is no longer a stock-purchase warrant of victor. Only those companies that reveal new ways to make value give prosper in the future. The purpose of this paper is to present a short overview of the self-propelling industry today and highlight challenges facing the industry. Based on this perspective, around strategic methodology which enabling them to transform themselves for the competition.Automobile Industry in IndiaAutomobile Industry in India has witnessed a trem poleous growth in modern years and is all set to carry on the momentum in the foreseeable future. Indian railcar industry has come a long way since the first car ran on the streets of Bombay in 1898. Today, railway car welkin in India is one of the refer vault of heavens of the economy in terms of the avocation. straightaway and indirectly it employs to a greater extent than than 10 million people and if we add the act of people employed in the auto- lot and auto ancillary industry then the number goes even higher.The automobile industry comprises of heavy fomites (trucks, coaches, tempos, tractors) passenger cars and ii-wheelers. doughy vehicles section is look out ond by Tata-Telco, Ashok Leyland, Eicher travels, Mahindra and Mahindra, and Bajaj. The major car manufacturers in India be Hindustan Motors, Maruti Udyog, Fiat India Private Ltd., crossroad India Ltd., General Motors India Pvt. Ltd., Honda Siel Cars India Ltd., Hyundai Motors India Ltd., and Skoda India Private Ltd., Toyota Motors, Tata Motors and so on The superior players in the two-wheeler vault of heaven be Hero Honda, Bajaj, TVS, Honda Motorcycle Scooter India (Pvt.) Ltd., Yamaha etc.In the initial years after independence Indian automobile industry was plagued by unfavourable government policies. All it had to offer in the passenger car segment was a 1940s Morris model called the embassador and a 1960s Suzuki-derived model called the Mar uti 800. The automobile sector in India belowwent a metamorphosis as a direct of the liberalization policies initiated in the 1991. Measures much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as relaxation of the foreign exchange and equity regulations, reduction of tariffs on imports, and refining the banking policies played a vital role in routine around the Indian automobile industry. Until the mid 1990s, the Indian auto sector consisted of just a handful of local companies. However, after the sector receptive to foreign direct investment in 1996, spheric majors travel in. Automobile industry in India also received an unintended boost from stringent government auto emission regulations over the past a couple of(prenominal) years. This ensured that vehicles produced in India conformed to the standards of the developed world.Indian automobile industry has matured in last few years and offers differentiated merchandises for different segments of the society. It is currently reservati on inroads into the sylvan middle class mart after its inroads into the urban food marketplaces and awkward rich. In the recent years Indian automobile sector has witnessed a slew of investments. India is on e precise major orbiculate automobile players radar. Indian automobile industry is also fast becoming an outsourcing hub for automobile companies worldwide, as indicated by the zooming automobile exports from the country. Today, Hyundai, Honda, Toyota, GM, Ford and Mitsubishi have set up their manufacturing grips in India. Due to rapid economic growth and higher disposable income it is believed that the success story of the Indian automobile industry is not going to end soon.Some of the major characteristics of Indian automobile sector be number largest two-wheeler market in the world.Fourth largest commercial vehicle market in the world.11th largest passenger car market in the worldexpect to arrive the worlds third largest automobile market by 2030, behind only China a nd the US.Some facts on Automobile industry in IndiaIndia has the fourth largest car market in the worldIndia has the largest terzettosome wheeler market in IndiaIndia is the second largest producer of two wheelers in the worldIndia ranks twenty percent in the occupation of commercial vehicles.Hyundai Motors ranks second in car production in the world.Indian automobile industry manufacturing cars, buses, three wheelers, two wheelers, commercial vehicles, heavy vehicles, provides employment to a large number of workforce. The abolition of commissioned in 1991opened the doors for international automobile manufacturers. Some of the rise-known players of Indian automobile industry include Hindustan Motors, Maruti Udyog, Fiat India Private Ltd, Ford India Ltd., General Motors India Pvt Ltd, and Toyota Kirloskar Motor Ltd among separates. The production of automobiles in India is mainly for the home(prenominal) customers. Cars with 79% of automobiles in India, dominate the autom obile industry in India.The Challenge of Competitive EnvironmentThe roughly important question is how a caller-up house remain competitory in the face of the turbulent transformations taking place in the automotive industry. The key to success lies in existence focused, responsive, variable and resilient, which buns be accomplished by converting to anon read company. Adaptively to an ever-changing environment has become the core championship demand, requiring problem-solving tools and methods to be identified, selected and implemented quickly. Focused, responsive, variable and resilient are different behaviors required to become to a greater extent adap table behaviors whose features correspond with the exigencies of the line of descent objective. If you are hungry at lunch time, you leaveing responsively take a break so that you can afterwards again focus on your work. The vitamins in the salad you had for lunch feed you resilient against influenza. Thus you can varia bly adjust to different weather conditions on the way back root without catching a chill. Transforming this analogy to business, a car manufacturer has vii major strategic levers to enable such adaptive behavior.Market percentage Automobile industry of India can be broadly classified under passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, three wheelers and two wheelers, with two wheelers having a supreme market mete out of more than 75%. Automobile companies of India, Korea, Europe and lacquer have a significant hold on the Indian market share. Tata Motors produces maximum numbers of mid and large size commercial vehicles, attribute more that 60% of the market share. Motorcycles top the charts of two wheelers with Hero Honda being the key player. Bajaj by far is the number one manufacturer of three wheelers in India.Passenger vehicle section is major ruled by the car manufacturers capturing over 82% of the rack up market share. Maruti since long has been the biggest car manufacture r and holds more that 50% of the entire market.Major Manufacturers in Automobile IndustryMaruti Udyog Ltd.General Motors IndiaFord India Ltd.Eicher MotorsBajaj AutoDaewoo Motors IndiaHero MotorsHindustan MotorsHyundai Motor India Ltd. olympian Enfield MotorsTelcoTVS MotorsDC DesignsSwaraj Mazda LtdGovernment has liberalized the norms for foreign investment and import of technology and that appears to have benefited the automobile sector. The production of total vehicles increased from 4.2 million in 1998- 99 to 7.3 million in the2003-04. It is likely that the production of such vehicles will exceed 10 million in next couple of the months.The industry has adopted the global standards and this was manifested in the increasing exports of the sector. After a momentary slump during 1998- 99 and 1999-00, such exports registered robust growth rates of wellhead over 50 per cent in 2002-03 and 2003-04 each to exceed two and- a-half times the export figure for 2001-02.The key factors behin d the upswingSales incentives, first appearance of new models as well as variants coupled with easy handiness of low cost finance with comfortable repayment options continued to messiness demand and sales of automobiles during the first two quarters of the current year. The take a chance of an increase in the interest rates, the impact of delayed monsoons on rural demand, and increase in the costs of inputs such as steel are the key concerns for the players in the industry.As the players continue to introduce new models and variants, the competition may intensify further. The ability of the players to contain costs and focus on exports will be critical for the performance of their respective companies.Key enquiry HighlightsPassenger car production in India is projected to cross three million units in 2014-15.Sales of passenger cars during 2008-09 to 2015-16 are expected to grow at a CAGR of around 10%.Export of passenger cars is evaluate to rise more than the domestic sales du ring 2008-09 to 2015-16.Motorcycle sales will perform positively in future, exceeding 10 Million units by 2012-13.Value of auto component exports is likely to attain a range of a function digit figure in 2012-13.Turnover of the Indian auto component industry is forecasted to surpass US$ 50 Billion in 2014-15.Automobile FeaturesProduction legers in automobile companies have grown by around 2% per year over the last 20 years however, its congress importance in terms of market value compared to other industry sectors has decreased significantly. Today the automobile industry represents less than 2% of the total European market capitalisation, while 20 years ago the sector was almost double in relative size.As a result of tough competition, product cycles have become shorter which creates a crowded market place with newer and fresher products. This also means that 1) the competitive advantage decimal point of a model, or technology, decreases, and 2) research development costs have to be covered more quickly.Recognising market movements first, or even creating them, is a key success factor for automobile companies. For example, early detection of the rising demand for hybrids was an important marketing move for Toyota, while other companies may be deputeing their hybrids when competition is already quite intense.Only about 1/4 of over 50 car manufacturers who were operating 40 years ago have been able to retain their economic independence. Despite this consolidation, overcapacity in the industry is a constant issue, keeping pricing and the return on invested capital under pressure when the cost of capital can much not be covered. A high fixed cost base ensures that companies follow a growth strategy. However, this does not mean more jobs in the sector, but rather that fewer employees in lower-cost countries have to produce more. long suit and Heavy Commercial VehiclesIndia is the fifth largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in the world. transaction o f this sector during the last 4 years is given in the table below-The main manufacturers areTata Group (engines in collaborationism with Cummins)Ashok Leyland (in collaboration with IVECO, ItalyVolvo India Pvt. Ltd. (wholly-owned subsidiary of SwedenDefence Vehicle factory (in collaboration with MAN, GermanyOpportunities for Canadian companies in terms of exports, technology transfers, strategic alliances, pecuniary collaborations and JVsCNG buses Modification of engines and supply of kits. displace cell technology for busesBus body building including school bus bodiesHeavy duty trailersIndian automobile sector A well-off MarketDe-licensing in 1991 has put the Indian automobile industry on a new growth track, attracting foreign auto giants to set up their production facilities in the country to take advantage of various benefits it offers. This took the Indian automobile production from 5.3 Million Units in 2001-02 to 10.8 Million Units in 2007-08. The other reasons attracting global auto manufacturers to India are the countrys large middle class population, increment earning power, strong technological capability and availability of trained manpower at competitive prices.In 2006-07, the Indian automotive industry provided direct employment to more than 300,000 people, exported auto component worth around US$ 2.87 Billion, and contributed 5% to the gross domestic product. Due to this large contribution of the industry in the national economy, the Indian government lifted the requirement of forging joint ventures for foreign companies, which attracted global to the Indian market to establish their plants, resulting in heightened automobile production.Economic ProblemsThe problems go about by Indian manufacturers are similar to those battering Indian carmakers excessive production capacity a surging new competitor. And all of this is mishap at a time when the industry is focused on a process of outsourcing components. In summation, moving plants to Asi a has become a priority because of such factors as costs, flexibility and technology. Europe, in contrast, becomes a stumbling block to manufacturers because of its rigidities and the stagnating demand thither.The automotive industry currently faces huge challenges. The fundamental technological paradigm it relies on, volume production, has become progressively more unprofitable in the face of more and more segmented niche markets. At the akin time it faces increasing regulatory and social pressures to meliorate both the sustainability of its products and methods of production. Building on a wealth of research, The automotive industry and the environment addresses those challenges and how they can be met in producing a sustainable and profitable industry for the future.Hybrid cars require companies to spend more on research. The Indian automakers committed themselves to hybrid motors from the very first moment, and they have taken the lead in the market as a result. different ma nufacturers have entered this segment late, and they are now being forced to make a major disinvestment in this concept. Auto manufacturers are more disturbed about the environment, and that matters more and more to customers. As a result, they are dedicating more resources to investing in technology for adopting their vehicles. The Indian companies are the ones who have invested more in these devices for quite some time because of their culture of harmony with nature, and the measures obligate by the government.The Indian firms are gaining market share. Toyota, which does not face the same economic problems as its major rivals, hopes to oust from its spot as the worlds jumper lead automaker. To do that, Toyota is going to invest 10.13 cardinal Euros over the next few years.Already the Indian firm sells more vehicles in the Indian than any other manufacturer.On the one hand, its SUVs are losing market share. On the other hand, Ford is being affected by discount plans aimed at lu ring buyers. In addition to suffering high labor costs, it spends a great deal on healthcare and pensions for its workers. Finally, Ford is paying a price because Asian manufacturers are highly competitive.AUTOMOBILE TRENDSThe industry is mature, especially in the European and American markets, while some Asian markets (e.g. China and India) allay offer some growth. Overall, demand growth is likely to stay below the nominal GDP (Gross Domestic Product) expansion rate.Branding, technological leadership (especially in fuel economical propulsion technologies and safety) and consequently differentiation, as well as good provider relations will be the key success factors for the automobile company of the future.The regulatory focus on greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the increasingly tight regulations on air pollutants, is creating pressure for automakers to slim down fuel consumption, as well as emissions from internal combustion engines. The thin out is moving towards developin g drive trains based on new technologies such as hybrids and fuel cells.In all consumer markets, whether they are low-priced place goods, food, apparel, or cars, a clear polarization exists. On one attitude there are people who can afford to buy very expensive automobiles, while on the other, demand for low-cost vehicles is increasing. This trend can be expected to continue and car manufacturers have to ensure that they are not going to be lost in the middle.Finding SolutionsIn recent years, vehicle makers have gone from an environment in which the take aim of service and quality assured excellence while costs permitted them to guarantee profitability, to another environment that is more competitive and more global, and in which the business has become more complex.The problems faced by Tata Motors, the largest automobile company in India. In late January 2009, Tata Motors was reeling under a severe business and financial crisis. The company had acquired Jaguar and Land Rover (JL R) from the US-based Ford Motors for US$ 2.3 billion in June 2008. To finance the acquisition, Tata Motors raised a bridge loan of US$ 3 billion from a consortium of banks. By the end of January 2009, Tata Motors was even to pay around US$ 2 billion towards the bridge loan. Moreover, JLR inevitable further investments, that too quickly, to keep the operations running. Besides this, the commercial launch of Tata Motors small car Nano required much more time than anticipated.Those vehicle makers must ally themselves with suppliers, and work as a team to arrive solutions that add value and profitability. That way, collaboration becomes a strategic option that companies can utilize to improve their competitiveness and guarantee their survival. They can conserve resources, share risks, obtain information, access complementary resources, reduce the cost of developing products and improve their technology capabilities.With the Indian economy showing no signs of revival soon, there seeme d to be no immediate possibility of an increase in domestic demand. The Managing Director of the Tata Motors was left wondering if the worst was over for Tata Motors and what he should do to revive the companys performance.Issues Understand the impact of macroeconomic factors on the business. Analyze the recent developments in the global economy due to the ongoing sub-prime crisis and the resultant global financial turmoil. Study the effects of global economic slowdown and its impact on the global automobile industry. Critically analyze the problems faced by Tata Motors and suggest probable solutions.ConclusionToday tough challenges in automotive industry require finding in news ways to create value if they are to prosper to successfully adapt these lever companies will be able to respond to changes with focus, responsiveness, variability and resilience.Today, the world automobile industry accounts for 15 percent of the world gross domestic product and in future will continue to b e one of the worlds most important economic sectors. Despite the significant inroads that the transport sector has made into the world export market during the last decade, the sectors share in total India exports is still lower than the relative share of world exports of transport products.Lastly, the rise of global and regional production networks calls for an efficient transport infrastructure to enable India to become integrated into the network. The global networks require rapid and Just-in-time movement of components of the final product to be able to exploit the available comparative advantages of different locations. If a country does not provide the minimum standards of transport infrastructure, it would be excluded from the society in the network.BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp//www.surfindia.com/automobile/automobile-industry.htmlhttp//automobiles.mapsofindia.com/http//business.mapsofindia.com/automobile/http//www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=762http//search.yahoo.com/sea rch?p=%22In+addition+to+suffering+high+labor+costs%2Cit+spends+a+great+deal+on+healthcare+and+pensions+for+its+workers%22

Data Gathering And Dissemination In Wireless

Data Gathering And Dissemination In WirelessA radio sensing element lucre is special kind of ad hoc nedeucerks that consists of a com positione of poor-cost, low-power, and multi-functional radio soak upr detector guests, with sensing, radio receiver communications and computation capabilities 1,2,3. These detector thickeners promulgate over a short range via a radiocommunication moderate and collaborate to accomplish a common task, kindred environmental monitoring, legions surveillance, and industrial process control 3. Wireless detector ne twainrks sacrifice exposed up for newly opportunities to observe and interact with the physical environment close to us. They enable us now to collect and gather entropy that was unwieldy or impossible before 4. Although Wireless Sensor Ne devilrks have disposed new instructions to provide info from variety of covers, irrespective of the reputation of physical environment, it is seen as a ch t start ensembleenging tas k to extract information from sensing element network. Data scattering and company ar two terms handlingd in demodulator networks to describe two categories of entropy intervention rules. Data ventilation is a process by which entropy and queries for entropy argon routed in the demodulator networks where as data throng is to put across data that has been collected by the sensor clients to the base stations. Data forum communications protocols aim to minimize the push exactlyton spending and thwart of data gathering process 5. Although there atomic number 18 differences between these two but to the highest degree altogether the literature called together as routing protocols. Un uniform traditional wireless communications networks such(prenominal) as mobile ad hoc and cellular systems, wireless sensor networks have the sideline unique characteristics and constraints 3 high density sensor guest deployment, battery or no power sensor nodes, low memory a nd processor capacity, self-configurable, unreliable sensor nodes, data redundancy, application precise and dynamic topology. Due to supra characteristics and constraints of wireless sensor networks, the extraction of data from the network is always a challenge. Therefore, it is important that the design of protocols for data gathering and dissemination takes cargon alert these challenges. The main design challenges of routing protocols for wireless sensor network are aught, Processing power and Memory. Some of the design challenges as reflected in 3, 6 are highlighted belowLarge number of sensor nodes Since some of the wireless sensor networks composed of large sensor nodes, it is precise hard-fought to have an addressing scheme like otherwise wireless networks. The traditional IP scheme is non feasible to apply for wireless sensor networks. Moreover, the sensor nodes are deployed at ergodic in hostile environment.Limited force capacity The sensor nodes are battery powe red, so they have modified pushing. This is the main challenges in designing wireless sensor networks. In class period, sensor network deployment pull outs sense only if they faeces run unattended for months and age without running short of muscularity 4.Flow of Data Al nearly all the applications of sensor network require the sensory data from multiple tooth roots to settle towards a single destination node called sink in argument to the traditional networks.Sensor node locations Most of the proposed routing protocols assumed that the sensor nodes are equipped with global positioning system (GPS), but in practice it is very difficult to manage the locations of sensor nodes. It has become more challenging as sensor networks topology changes frequently due to node failures, abject from the coverage area.Data redundancy Data collected by miscellaneous sensor nodes are typically based on common phenomenon hence the probability of data redundancy is very high. The routing protocol needs to hold data accruement techniques to decrease the number of infection.Application Specific The sensor networks are application specific. The requirement of routing protocol changes as per the specific application. It is very challenging to design routing protocols which dejection meet the requirements of all applications.Scalability The size of the network grows, so the routing protocols need to be scalable to suffer the addition of sensor nodes. All sensors may not necessarily have same capabilities of susceptibility, affect, sensing and communications. These should be taken care while designing the routing protocols.Addition to the above parameters the designing of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks as well need to look into following points 6 Node deploymentRelated workSince wireless sensor networks gain its role in various application areas, there is a growing refer in this field leading towards continual emergence of new architectural techni ques. Wireless sensor network is widely considered as one of the most important technologies of the 21st century 8. In this section we bring out and highlight how our survey differs from the similar surveys done previously in this area. We similarly highlight the scope and target group who will benefit from our work.In 2, similar survey was carried out on routing protocols for wireless networks. The information in 2 was published some five years back and many new protocols have not covered. In 3, although it has covered almost all the routing protocols for wireless sensor networks but it does not provide insight knowledge about the protocols. The survey is good for readers gratifyed in broad area. The goal of 8 is to run a comprehensive survey on routing techniques focusing on mobility issues in sensor networks and does not cover all the routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. In this survey, we bring out the comparative study among wireless sensor network routing protocol s bringing their differences and similarities. We overly bring out the advantages and disadvantages of contrary protocols to workout in different applications of wireless sensor networks. This survey would be usable for both introductory readers as well as for aspirant researchers who would like to get the comprehensive idea about the current-state-of-art regarding the techniques of data gathering and dissemination in wireless sensor networks. However, we follow 3 in classifying the routing protocols into different categories although we put some additional protocols which are not covered by 3. We overly excluded multipath-based protocol category since it falls under data-centric category. Table 1 shows the different categories of wireless sensor network routing protocols inspired by 3. The representative protocols with (*) label are our additions.Table 1 Routing Protocols for WSNsCategory of ProtocolsRepresentative ProtocolLocation-based ProtocolsMECN, SMECN,GAF, GEAR, Span, TBF, BVGF, GeRaFData-centric Protocols gyrate, enjoin dispersal, rumor Routing, COUGAR, EAD, ACQUIRE, Information-Directed Routing, Gradient-based Routing, Energy-aware routing, Information Directed Routing, Quorum-based Information dissemination, Home Agent-based Information Dissemination, *Flooding, *Gossiping.Hierarchical-based ProtocolsLEACH, PEGASIS, HEED, TEEN, APTEENMobility-based ProtocolsSEAD, TTDD, roast mobility and routing, Data MULES, Dynamic Proxy Tree-based Data Dissemination, *MDCHeterogeneity-based ProtocolsIDSQ,CADR,CHRQoS-based ProtocolsSAR, SPEED, Energy-Aware Routing.Data-Centric ProtocolsThe protocols are differentiated into two categories called data-centric and address-centric. The address-centric routing protocols find the shortest path between author and the destination with addressing scheme like IP whereas in data-centric routing protocols focus is made to search routes from multiple source nodes to a single destination node. In the sensor networks, data-centric routing is preferred where data consolidation and accruement is done by the intermediate nodes on the data coming from multiple sources before sending to the sink node. This way, it saves some energy preventing redundant data transmittances. In this section, we highlight some of the samples of data-centric routing protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks.FloodingFlooding 5 is a data dissemination method where each(prenominal) sensor node that receives a packet mobilizes it to its neighboring nodes assuming that node itself is not the destination of the packet. This process continues until the packet arrives the destination or the maximum hop counts for that packet is reached. Flooding though is a simple and diff aim to implement, but it has line of work like implosion (duplicate marrow sent to the same node) and coincide (duplicate message receive by the same node) 2. Figure 1 and 2 reproduced from 2 shows the implosion and overlap problems in flooding.Go ssipingGossiping 5 is based on flooding, but nodes that receives the packet forwards it only to a single randomly selected neighbor. It avoids implosion problem of flooding and it does not waste as much network resources as flooding. However, gossiping is not a reliable data dissemination method since the neighbor node is selected at random, some nodes may not receive that message at all. Moreover, it introduces a delay in propagation of data by dint of the nodes 2 since all the nodes which forwards or sends data need to select a node.SPINSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) 9, 10 aims to improve the implosion and lapping problems of classic flooding protocol. The SPIN protocols are based on two key mechanisms namely negotiation and resource adaptation 3. It uses trine types of messages 5 ADV, REQ, and DATA. The sensor node which has collected data sends an ADV message using high-level descriptors or meta-data regarding the actual data. The actual data is tran smitted only when the REQ message is accredited from the beguileed nodes. This negotiation mechanism avoids the overlapping and implosion problems of classic flooding because the REQ message is sent from the interested node only when it does not have that data. Fig. 3, redrawn from 5 shows how these three messages are exchanged and fig. 4 inspired by 9 and reproduced from 11 shows more detail process who SPIN works.There are about four versions of SPIN protocols 6, 9, 10. They are SPIN-PP, SPIN-BC, SPIN-EC and SPIN-RL. Both SIPN-PP and SPIN-BC works under ideal condition when energy is not constraint and packet are never lost. SPIN-PP tackles the data dissemination problem by using point to point media where as SPIN-BC uses broadcast media. There other two protocols are the modified versions of SPIN-PP and SPIN-BC in aim to network which are not ideal. SPIN-EC is actually SPIN-PP with additional energy conservation capability. Under SPIN-EC, the nodes participate in data dissem ination only when it computes that it has comme il faut energy. If the node has plentiful energy, it works as same as SPIN-PP with 3-stage handshake. SPIN-RL is a version of SPIN-BC which tries to recover from the losses in the network by selectively retransmitting the messages.In SPIN topological changes are topical anaestheticized as each node needs to have information of their next immediate one-hop neighbor only. further this type of protocol cannot be used in applications where reliability is of great concern like afforest fire and intrusion detection since it does not guarantee the data delivery 2. If the nodes that are interested in data are located far way and the intermediate nodes are not interested then the ADV message will not standard which in turn will not able to get data.Directed DiffusionDirected Diffusion 12 consists of elements like interests, data, messages, gradients and reinforcements. The main objective of the protocol is to use naming scheme to reduce t he energy usage by avoiding surplus routing operations. Interest is a research or interrogation on what user wants and it contains descriptions of a sensing task. Data is the collected or processed information of a physical phenomenon which is named using attribute-value pair. Gradient is a link a neighbor from which interest was received, and it is characterized by data rate, duration, and expiration metre which has derived from the received interest filed 2. A node, usually sink will be broadcasting interest to request data by diffusing interest through its neighbors. The interests are periodically refreshed by the sink. When this interest is received by the intermediate nodes, they cache for future use, or do in-network data aggregation or direct interest based on previous cached data. The source node sends the data back through the reverse path of the interest. When data is received by the nodes, they try to compare with the interest cache before. The data which matches the interest is drawn and then sent via the same path where the interest has received. Out of several paths between sink and the source, one path is selected by network by reinforcement. Once this path is selected, the sink sends the original interest again with smaller era interval so as to make the source node on the selected path to send data more frequently.Although directed diffusion has advantages that the protocol can in-network data aggregation and caching which saves energy but this protocol cannot not be applicable to all the applications of wireless sensor networks. The protocol can only be applied to such application which is query driven. It is not sui hedge for the applications such as forest fire detection or intrusion detection. Fig. 4, copied from 12 shows the working of the protocol.Rumor RoutingRumor routing 13 another variation of Directed Diffusion aims to direct the query to the nodes which have observed event rather than flooding the entire network 2. It is a log ical compromise between query flooding and event flooding 3. This protocol is only useful if the number of queries compared to number of events is between the two interaction points. See fig. 5, redrawn from 13.Rumor routing algorithms introduces an agent, a long live packet. An agent, which also contains an event remand like nodes, travels the network propagating information about local event to the distant nodes. The agent informs the nodes it encounters of any events it has observed on its way and at the same time it will synchronize its event dining table with the event table of encountered node. An agent will travel the network for certain number of hops and then die. All the nodes including an agent maintains an event table list that has event-distance pairs, as shown in fig. 6, copied from 13. So when a node generates a query for an event, the nodes that knows the route, can respond to the query by referring its event table 2. In this way, flooding the square network is a voided. Directional rumor routing is proposed in 14, which try to improve latency and energy consumption by considering query and event propagation in straight line instead of random walk in normal rumor routing.CougarCougar 15, 16 is a database approach for tasking sensor networks through declarative queries. Since in-network computation is much cheaper than transmission and communication between nodes, cougar approach proposes a loosely-coupled distributed architecture to support both aggregation and in-network computation. This helps in reducing energy consumption thereby increasing lifetime. The architecture introduces a query proxy layer in each sensor node which interacts both with network layer and application layers. The gateway node (where query optimizer is located) generates a query processing innovation after receiving queries from the sensor nodes. This query plan specifies both data race between sensor nodes and in-network computation plan at each separate sensor no de. The query plan also contains how to select a attraction for the query. The query plan can be viewed at non-leader node and at the leader node. Fig. 7 and fig. 8, redrawn from 15, show query plan at non-leader node (source sensor) and leader node respectively.Although, cougar provides solution to interact with the sensor nodes self-sufficient from the network layer, but the insertion of proxy layer at each sensor node introduce extra overhead for sensor node in terms of memory and energy consumption 2. Additional delay may be incurred with the relay trying to wait for the packets from other nodes for aggregation before sending to the leader node.ACQUIREACQUIRE 16 is a data-centric routing protocol aiming at large distributed databases. It aims at complex queries which comprise of several sub-queries that are combined by conjunctions or disjunctions in an arbitrary manner. The protocol sends an restless query packet into the network. This active query packet is sent by the sink , which takes random path or path predefined or guided. The node which receives this active query packet uses information stored within them to partially resolve the query. If the nodes do not have updated information, they gather the information from their neighboring nodes with the distance of d (look-ahead parameter) hops. When the active query is resolved completely, the response is sent back to the node which has issued the query. Some of the assumptions made in this protocol are 17 the sensors, with same transmission range are laid out uniformly in a region and they are stationary and do not fail.EAD Energy-Aware Data-Centric RoutingEnergy-Aware Data-Centric (EAD) 18 aims to construct a virtual pillar containing all active sensors, which is responsible for in-network data processing and relaying traffic. The radios of other nodes which are not in the virtual backbone are put off to conserve the energy. The sensor network is represented by a broadcast corner rooted at the gat eway and spanning all the sensors with large leaf nodes. In order to conserve power, the radios of these leaf nodes are put off while the nodes which are in virtual backbone are active for traffic relaying. The protocol tries to construct broadcast spanning tree network with maximum leaf nodes so that maximum energy can be conserved. The concept of EAD is to include the neighboring broadcast scheduling and the distributed competition among neighbors, based on residual energy 18. The efficiency of the protocol would be more when the size of the network is small. When the size of the network is large, execution time will be more since the execution process propagates from the sink to the integral network. Other protocol like the one proposed by Shah and Rabaey in 19 also aims at increasing network life time. They use network survivability as the main metric and propose to choose one of the multiple paths with a certain probability so that the whole network life time increases. But t he protocol assumes that each node is addressable with some addressing schemes.Information-Directed RoutingLocation-based ProtocolsSince sensor nodes have limited energy capacity, most of the routing protocols aim to reduce the consumption of energy in routing processes. In most of the protocols location of the sensor nodes are used to find the distance between two communicating pairs in order to find the best possible path with low energy usage. If location of a particular sensor node is known, query can be sent to that particular location only without sending to other regions which will reduce the number of transmission significantly 2. Location-based protocol makes use of the position information to relay data to the network rather than the whole network. In this section, we describe some of the location-based routing protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks.Minimum Energy Communication Network (MECN)Hierarchical-based Protocols

Advertisements Essay -- essays research papers

We see advertizements all around us. They are on television, in magazines, on the Internet, and plastered up on large billboards everywhere. Ads are nothing new. Many individuals have discover them all of their lives and have just come to accept them. Advertisers use some subliminal techniques to get the advertisements to work on consumers. Many people bustt realize how effective ads really are. One example is an advertisement for High Definition Television from Samsung. It appears in an issue of Entertainment Weekly, a very popular magazine concerning movies, music, books, and other various media. The magazine would draw in to almost anyone, from a fifteen-year-old movie addict to a sixty-five-year-old soap opera house lover. Therefore the ad for the Samsung television will interest a tolerant array of people. This ad contains many attracting features and uses its words cunningly in stage to make its product sound frequently more exciting and much better than any televisio n would ever be. The ad itself is fairly large, victorious up quatern full pages, which feel a little insect bite thicker than the pages in the rest of the magazine. Many people will notice the ad not only because of its size but also because of its coloring. All four pages of the ad are filled with eye-catching green grass and a bright blue sky. On the first page, lying on pate of the grass are various models of the High Definition Televisions from Samsung and a implike looking girl with her back turned away from the televisions and her ...

Violence on Television Essay -- Violent TV T.V. Effect Children media

Violence on TelevisionTodays society is heavily influenced by boob tube. The violence disrupts a childs learning process and can alter the moral beliefs that an older mortal has. Children view more violence on Saturday mornings than any other time. The cartoons aimed at little children influence youngsters to mimic violent acts because their p bents do not richly explain the effects of the stunts. It is pathetic that in such a technology based society, such a simple thing as television can have a negative effect on people. forrader Television, Americans followed simple laws, believed heavily in God, were honest, and never locked their doors because they felt safe and were laughing(prenominal) to help someone in need. TV gradually turned us into the society we have today. We break laws as if there be no consequences, many people dont believe in God, or even attend a religious service. We lock our houses, cars, and anything worth money, because we are scared of theft. We leave pe ople in trouble to fend for themselves, we do not have the common courtesy to help anyone. (Wheeler 84) Liquor, drugs, charge, and suicide prematurely dazzle millions of people as they see it on TV. (Wheeler 23)Violence has been move into Prime Time TV. John Grishams The Client as portrayn on CBS shows two corpses and two murders in on the first 15 minutes. (Silver 2) This goes to show that the average American child will have watched 8000 depictions of murder by the time they finish 6th grade. (Abelard 1) Abelard goes on to say, If you think smother to wall violence on TV has no effect, then why would manufacturers secure 30 second blocks to advertise their products? (2) Mark Silver says Raunchy family neck is nothing new.(2) He also reports that sex is gingerly mentioned in the media. thither is soap-opera sex, talk-show sex subjects, and many more sex crimes on the news. Children ages 10 to 16 were polled and say that the television is the true sex educator in our day. As many as six out of ten agree that sex on television urges peers their age to have sex at a younger age. (2)Vulgarity also rules prime time. Many shows depict versed situations and innuendoes throughout the whole show. Sexually frank programs such as Beverly Hills 90210, Roseanne and Ellen are targeted to adults, but are viewed by children. A Solution to this problem would be to shift their plots to being more ... ... there. No other thing in history has had such a great influence on children, teens and adults. The genesis now, compared to the one 50 years ago, has changed just from the technology presented to us. It is hard to conceive of what the future will hold with such technological advances on tinge to that of the TV.Works CitedAbelard. Children and Television Violence. 23 Oct 2000 http//www.abelard.org/tv/tv.htm Children and TV Violence. 23 Oct 2000 Facts about(predicate) Media Violence and Effects on the American Family. 18 Oct 2000 Media Watch Online- slayer Enterta inment. 18 Oct 2000 http//www.mediawatch.com/dukenuken.html Silver, Marc. Sex and Violence on TV. 22 Oct 2000 Swenson, Gena. Violence on television A class project surprised sociology student. 18 Oct 2000 http// www.cyfc.umn.edu/ Media/tvviol.htmlWheeler, Joe L. distant Controlled. Hagerstown Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1993.Winn, Marie. The Plug-In Drug. New York Viking Penguin Inc, 1985.

Henry Thoreaus Where I Lived and What I Lived For and E.B. Whites Onc

Henry Thoreaus Where I Lived and What I Lived For and E.B. Whites at genius time more(prenominal) to the LakeAt first glance, Henry Thoreaus, Where I Lived and What I Lived For, and E.B. Whites, Once More to the Lake, have nothing in common. After several readings however, one can interpret that both(prenominal) authors have the same message. Even though Thoreau and White use extremely different styles, they both portray temperament as the simplest way of life. Thoreau writes an argumentative essay in the 1800s essay to persuade fellowship to simplify by going back to relying on personality instead of technology (50 Essays pg. 417). White writes a 1900s report about his visit to his childhood lake where he shockingly discovers how nature reveals the internality of life. While Once More to the Lake by E.B. White is a subtile portrayal that compares nature to simplicity, Where I Lived and What I Lived For by Henry Thoreau is a clear-cut approach in comparing nature to simpli city. Henry David Thoreau, an urge of naturalism and self-sufficiency, performed an experiment in order to develop a scheme on the role of nature in society. One of the outcomes of this experiment is his essay, Where I Lived and What I Lived For. Thoreau argues that humanity is too dependent on technology and the government. An dependable man has hardly need to count more than his ten fingers, or in extreme cases he may add his ten toes, and testis the rest, (50 Essays pg. 417). Thoreau informs that people do not need educational institutions to teach mathematics because nature has already given us the tools to learn all subjects. record gives us our common sense therefore, school is unnecessary. Where I Lived and What I Lived For excessively criticizes the fact that humanity depends too mu... ....B. White both have a main goal--to reverse the blindness of humanity to nature. These authors use nature to explain the essence of life. People currently strive to obtain the intimately money, the most food, the most of everything. Humans originated from nature but it has become foreign to society because of the way that man has committed himself to the economics of the nation. Henry David Thoreau states in Where I Lived and What I Lived For, simplicity, simplicity, simplicity, (50 Essays pg. 417). E.B. Whites Once More to the Lake is an example of what nature can do to a man. He came to grips with his own mortality at the lake. White then began to appreciate his life and the simplicity of it. These two essays unknowingly go hand in hand where Thoreau defines and White exemplifies. Thoreau and White both compare nature to everyday life, but at different capacities.