Plato and The Renaissance Essay -- Philosophy

Plato (428-347 B.C.E.) is considered to be one of the greatest philosophers the world has ever known. Though concerned with specific problems of his own era, Platos ideas transcend all time. Throughout the ages his works strike been translated into many languages and studied by great thinkers of every region of the world. A revival of Platonic thought occurred during the spiritual rebirth. Though Platos ideas have survived in their original forms, translators and commentators during Renaissance times often understood them in a very different way than intended.Platos ideas were ahead of their time, yet he was nevertheless clearly a reaping of Classical Greek culture. Many of his dialogues question beliefs of and praise the Greek gods. Political concerns revolved around political systems common in his day, and the distaste for democracy register in his Republic focuses specifically on the form of democracy present in Athens during that time.1 For his time, Platos work depic ts women in a very positive light, but it is still evident that the opinion of women as second straighten out citizens in ancient Greece influenced his opinion. Platos Republic allows for and expects woman to participate in his ideal ruling class of philosopher kings, but the language used to describe womens roles is nevertheless demeaning.2 In Platos Socratic dialogues, a plethora of examples representative of the age are used to explain and obtain claims, referencing recent wars, politicians in recent history, and Homeric poetry.Plato may have never become the world renowned philosopher that he is considered to be today if it had not been for Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.). Plato was Socrates nearly famous pupil, and Socrates was such an inspiration to him that... ...) 406-439. http//www.jstor.org/stable/10.1353/ren.2008.0331Kellermann, Frederick. Montaigne, Reader of Plato. Comparative Literature, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Autumn, 1956) 307-322. http//www.jstor.org/stable/1768763Lee, De smond, trans. The Republic, 2nd ed. New York Penguin Books, 1987.Oliver, Revilo P.. Plato and Salutati. Transactions and Proceedings of the American philological Association, Vol. 71, (1940) 315-334. http//www.jstor.org/stable/283132Schachter, Marc. Louis Le Roys Sympose de Platon and Three Other Renaissance Adaptions of Platonic Eros. Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 2 (Summer 2006) 406-439. http//www.jstor.org/stable/10.1353/ren.2008.0331Somfai, Anna. The Eleventh-Century Shift in the Reception of Platos Timaeus and Calcidiuss definition. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 65, (2002) 1-21

An Analysis of Vonnegut’s Breakfast of Champions Essay -- Vonnegut Bre

An Analysis of Vonneguts Breakfast of ChampionsKilgore Trout is a struggling refreshedist that can only get his novels published in porn magazines. Dwayne Hoover is a fabulously well-to-do car salesman that is on the brink of insanity. They only meet once in their lives, but the entire novel, Breakfast of Champions (1973), is based on this one meeting. The meeting is brief, but that is all the author, Kurt Vonnegut, needs to express his message. In fact, it is quite crucial that the meeting starts and ends almost instantly. It is the meeting between sanity and insanity. Kilgore Trout is simply the novelist that Vonnegut was when he was younger. Dwayne Hoover is the older, nuts man that Vonnegut has turned in to. The meeting between the two is the exact moment when Vonnegut has transformed. The bad chemicals now will run amuck through poor Dwaynes head.Mr. Trout has spent his whole life writing crazy novels, mostly about other planets and the crazy things that happen on them. He li ves only if in his house with only his parakeet, Bill, to keep him company. Most of what he talks to Bill about is how the world will be ending very soon. whatever time now, he would say, And high time, too(pg 18). This is a product of Dwaynes theory that the Earths atmosphere would soon become unbreathable sic (pg 18) and kill off all living creatures. This conception was crazy, but Kilgore does many more things that would seem eccentric to any normal person.The adventure of Kilgore Trout starts when he receives a letter from Midland City. One man, Mr. Rosewater, wants him to come to their comely arts festival as the guest of honor. Kilgore had no idea that he has even one fan. Enclosed is a check for one thousand dollars, which would uphold him on... ...whole life. The ink hold that he has on Trout, is now being released. It is almost as if he is releasing sane Kilgore and accepting insane Dwayne. Dwayne read Kilgores novel and went on a violence spree. He spent the rest of his life in an asylum. Kilgore went on to become a world-renowned novelist. Vonnegut is a world-renowned novelist, who is known for his crazy and insane novels. It seems as if he feels that he has wasted the first part of his life in the novel, when he is Kilgore Trout. After he meets Dwayne he seems to have all of his achievement and gather all of his money. Kilgore confirms this in the end when he only wants one thing from his creator. He yells out to Vonnegut as he disappears, Make me young, make me young, make me young(pg 295)Work CitedVonnegut, Kurt. Breakfast of Champions. New York Bantam Doubleday Dell PublishingGroup, Inc. 1973.

Interconnected :: Biodiversity Science Biology Essays

Interconnected Loving nature is not the same as insureing it. Like the majority of the world race, Harriet in Gary Larsons JH1 book, Theres a Hair in my Dirt, not only mis ensure the things she saw vilifying just about creatures while romanticizing new(prenominal)s, - but also her connection to them (Larson 1998). The human race is one big Harriet we see what is on the surface and never truly encounter what lies below because we fail to even look. In order to understand ourselves, we must first understand what makes us and shapes us. Perhaps this is why we should understand biodiversity and the effects it has on us and science. All living things need each otherwise to survive. We need the trees to breathe, they need us to produce CO2 for photosynthesis, and they also need the worms to cultivate the land for affluent soil. Hence, we could imply that we need the worms to breathe. Its more than that, though. The self-coloured concept of biology, or even science, revolves around the intricate connections between all of its aspects. We need to understand biodiversity to understand our connections to all living things. In order to understand biodiversity we need to use systematics. In order to understand systematics we need to understand taxonomy, phylogeny, evolution and all the other parts. Every part of who we are is saturated in everything around us and yet we do not even try to take the time to trace a drop of it. Despite the fact that we view ourselves to be the most intelligent of the species living on this planet today, our egos and independence, our ignorance and manipulation, allow the understanding of our very initiation on this earth to pass us by. In order to truly understand who we are, we need to come nose to nose with the earthworms. In understanding biodiversity, we result be able to harvest the benefits that come from it. non only will we be able to understand our connections with all liv ing things, but our connection with the environment as well. Interconnected Biodiversity Science Biology EssaysInterconnected Loving nature is not the same as understanding it. Like the majority of the human race, Harriet in Gary Larsons JH1 book, Theres a Hair in my Dirt, not only misunderstand the things she saw vilifying some creatures while romanticizing others, - but also her connection to them (Larson 1998). The human race is one big Harriet we see what is on the surface and never truly understand what lies beneath because we fail to even look. In order to understand ourselves, we must first understand what makes us and shapes us. Perhaps this is why we should understand biodiversity and the effects it has on us and science. All living things need each other to survive. We need the trees to breathe, they need us to produce CO2 for photosynthesis, and they also need the worms to cultivate the land for rich soil. Hence, we could imply that we need the worms to breathe. Its more than that, though. The whole concept of biology, or even science, revolves around the intricate connections between all of its aspects. We need to understand biodiversity to understand our connections to all living things. In order to understand biodiversity we need to use systematics. In order to understand systematics we need to understand taxonomy, phylogeny, evolution and all the other parts. Every part of who we are is saturated in everything around us and yet we do not even try to take the time to absorb a drop of it. Despite the fact that we consider ourselves to be the most intelligent of the species living on this planet today, our egos and independence, our ignorance and manipulation, allow the understanding of our very existence on this earth to pass us by. In order to truly understand who we are, we need to come nose to nose with the earthworms. In understanding biodiversity, we will be able to harvest the benefits t hat come from it. Not only will we be able to understand our connections with all living things, but our connection with the environment as well.

Education Beyond Undergraduate Essay -- Masters Graduate School Essays

Education Beyond UndergraduateGraduate or professional education is an often-debated topic for a large number of University seniors. careless(predicate) of the undergraduate degree many students must decide whether to enter the business line market or go to school for another couple of historic period. When these students are face up with this decision it is important to look at what they consider. Is it job satisfaction, future deport, or the mere fact that they want to spend a few more years in college? These issues are all truly important to students in very different manners. An important reason students consider continuing their education beyond their undergraduate degree is job satisfaction. Through my marketing classes, I have learned that my generation (generation X) is more concerned with their job satisfaction than compensation or benefits. Was job satisfaction a motivator in my decision to continue my education beyond graduate school? Definitely, I feel that with the graduate degree I plan to receive will enable me to attain a job that will make me happy. I have in mind that this is something all college students think about when they crusade to pick a major in college. If I am satisfied with my job when I get into the real world, it will not matter to me what pay I receive. Is it possible that there are students who decide to continue their education upright for the difference in pay they receive? I truly think it is. It is important to consider how students that go beyond an undergraduate degree pay for their schooling. As a person who is planning to go through Law School, I think that whether or not a person goes beyond undergraduate depends on how hard they struggled financially during their undergraduate schooling. I feel that if th... ...hings are very important to a lot of people. A large number of people want to receive an education that gives them a better shot at being economically stable in the future. It is ve ry important for students to consider an education beyond undergraduate. I believe that many students are faced with this decision at the end of each school year. It is also viable to believe that these three items in this essay are of great significance to these graduating seniors. When a student spends quaternion to five years in undergraduate school, they feel worn out and feel that school is the last place that they want to be. But, after considering some of these facts, they whitethorn feel that a graduate or professional education is exactly what they should do whether they look at future job satisfaction, future compensation, or just want to spend a few more years with their friends.

Establishment of the Silk Route Essays -- Chinese History

Currently living in the twenty first century we can take in advance(p) travel methods from airplanes, vehicles, trains, and ships for granted, altering our perception of the distance we travel significantly. These advanced distribution systems we now employ allow us to exchange culture, products, technology, and ideas by breaking mound barriers, truly globalizing the world. Similar to the modern travel marvels we make the most of today, years ago before humans relationship to machine, the silk route provided that ability to combine multiple countries. This important avocation route developed over time transferring numerous products like silk from China to several countries in the Middle East, Mediterranean, Europe and antiquated India. In addition, the silk route was much than just a trade route that brought products to and from because it developed into a transcontinental network carrying goods, information, religion, language, and technology. The Silk Route is indisputabl y one of the oldest international trade routes consisting of a series of roadways laid over land primarily, until the introduction of sea travel. What initiated the overwhelming interest in trade was one of the oldest fibers known to man, silk, that originated in China. Silk is a luxury fabric that can be woven into textiles, producing a rich texture and luster like no other material. Dating back to 2500BC this foreign material was used exclusively for Chinese royalty, but gradually expanded to become a bigger part of the Chinese culture. Since this unique material was considered more valuable than gold at the time, as soon as word got out to neighboring countries the overwhelming interest was inevitable. The demand for this appealing material brought silk westwar... ...esearch. Web. 14 May 2012. . Silk autobiography History of Silk Fabric History of Chinese Silk Silk Road History Silks History. Silk History History of Silk Fabric History of Chinese Silk Silk Road History Si lks History. TexereSilk, 2011. Web. 14 May 2012. . Silk Road - Its History, Development, Operation and Significance to the East and West. Silk Road - Its History, Development, Operation and Significance to the East and West. Web. 14 May 2012. . Silk Road Culture Exchange, theology and Technology Introduced into China via Silk Road. TravelChinaGuide. Web. 14 May 2012. .

The Importance of Using a Condom Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Ar

The Importance of Using a CondomIn a recent study performed at the University of New siege of Orleans by Dr. Bruce M. King, only 20% of men reported apply a condom consistently, while only 50% reported using protection with a new partner. The results of condom use or lack there of is suck ?2/3 of all STIs occur in people 25 eld of age or younger?By the age of 24, 1 in 3 sexually active people will have contracted an STI?In 2000, 15- to 19-year-old women had the highest rate of gonorrhea compared to all other age categories. (Sources American friendly Health Association, Centers for Disease Control, and Planned Parenthood.)There are many stigmas about using condoms. Many sexually active college students simply don?t pay off sexual intercourse with condoms as satisfying as sex without them. Often students come up it inconvenient, or expensive to use condoms. However, all of these excuses are minuscule compared to the sober and life-altering results of not using protection, in addition all of these issues can be overcome. archetypical it may be true that not using ... The Importance of Using a Condom Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive ArThe Importance of Using a CondomIn a recent study performed at the University of New Orleans by Dr. Bruce M. King, only 20% of men reported using a condom consistently, while only 50% reported using protection with a new partner. The results of condom use or lack there of is clear ?2/3 of all STIs occur in people 25 years of age or younger?By the age of 24, 1 in 3 sexually active people will have contracted an STI?In 2000, 15- to 19-year-old women had the highest rate of gonorrhea compared to all other age categories. (Sources American Social Health Association, Centers for Disease Control, and Planned Parenthood.)There are many stigmas about using condoms. Many sexually active college students simply don?t find sexual intercourse with condoms as satisfying as sex without them. Often students find it inconvenient, or expensive to use condoms. However, all of these excuses are minuscule compared to the dangerous and life-altering results of not using protection, in addition all of these issues can be overcome. First it may be true that not using ...

The Importance of Using a Condom Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Ar

The Importance of Using a rubberIn a recent study performed at the University of New Orleans by Dr. Bruce M. King, only 20% of men reported using a pencil eraser consistently, while only 50% reported using protection with a new-fangled partner. The results of condom use or lack there of is clear ?2/3 of all STIs occur in people 25 years of get on with or younger?By the age of 24, 1 in 3 versedly active people will have contracted an STI?In 2000, 15- to 19-year-old women had the highest yard of gonorrhea compared to all other age categories. (Sources American Social health Association, Centers for Disease Control, and Planned Parenthood.)There are many stigmas about using condoms. umteen sexually active college students simply don?t find sexual intercourse with condoms as satisfying as sex without them. Often students find it inconvenient, or expensive to use condoms. However, all of these excuses are minuscule compared to the dangerous and life-altering results of not us ing protection, in addition all of these issues can be overcome. First it may be true that not using ... The Importance of Using a Condom Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive ArThe Importance of Using a CondomIn a recent study performed at the University of New Orleans by Dr. Bruce M. King, only 20% of men reported using a condom consistently, while only 50% reported using protection with a new partner. The results of condom use or lack there of is clear ?2/3 of all STIs occur in people 25 years of age or younger?By the age of 24, 1 in 3 sexually active people will have contracted an STI?In 2000, 15- to 19-year-old women had the highest rate of gonorrhea compared to all other age categories. (Sources American Social Health Association, Centers for Disease Control, and Planned Parenthood.)There are many stigmas about using condoms. Many sexually active college students simply don?t find sexual intercourse with condoms as satisfying as sex without them. Often stude nts find it inconvenient, or expensive to use condoms. However, all of these excuses are minuscule compared to the dangerous and life-altering results of not using protection, in addition all of these issues can be overcome. First it may be true that not using ...

Nationalism in Latin American History

subject areaism 1. In the wake of neocolonialism, Latin the Statesns remade the nativist empty talk of the past to push a new guinea pigist cultural and economic agenda. I. Nationalism 1. Latin American nations had been defined by their internal diversity 1. Transculturation 2. racial mixing 2. Europeans had associated Latin American difference with a negative meaning 3. Nativism challenged this attitude 4. Nativism faded after independence 3. New nationalism was another wheel of nativism with strong economic agenda 4. Who were nationalists? 5. Often urban, middle class 6. Mixed-race or recent immigrants . Benefitted less from export boom 5. Nationalism challenged the supposed superiority of European culture 8. Reinterpretation of Latin American difference as positive 9. Use of local cultural forms to define that difference 6. Critique of foreign intervention 10. army intervention 11. Economic power 7. Ethnic nationalism 12. Differs from U. S. civic nationalism13. Employs signs of ethnic identity 1. Foods 2. Dance 3. Clothing 1. Celeb place racial mixing 1. Adaptation to Latin American environment 2. Sometimes as improvement best of all races 3. Nicolas Guillen . Premier exponent of Afro-Cuban identity 2. Ballad of Two Grandfathers 3. Poems sometimes mimicked Afro-Cuban speech 1. to a greater extent writers use indigenous and Afro-Cuban themes 1. Alejo Carpentier (Cuba) 2. Ciro Alegria (Peru) 3. Miguel angel Asturias (Guatemala) I. Nationalists Take Power 1. Mexican Revolution 1. Diaz had ruled for 34 eld by 1910 2. Reformers back Francisco Madero 1. Madero sought only more power for elites in Diaz government 2. Madero was jailed and exiled 1. Madero radicalizes, proposes returning indigenous lands 2. Emiliano Zapata 1.From indigenous community of Anenecuilo 2. Lost land to sugar plantations 3. Allied his movement with Madero 4. His image sombrero, mustache, long horse become iconic of Revolution 5. One of many local leaders moving against the govern ment 1. Madero goes into exile in 1911 1. Diaz unseated by a general, killed 2. Years of upheaval, nonuple armies fighting at once 1. Pancho Villa 1. Northern Mexico 2. Army comp findd of cowboys, miners, railroad workers, oil workers 3. Very different from Zapatas southern indigenous rebellion 1. Constitutionalists 1.Third movement on with Villa and Zapata 2. Urban, middle class 3. Drafted a new constitution in 1917 4. More typical of Latin American nationalists 5. May be considered the winners of the whirling 1. Constitution of 1917 1. oblige 27 reclaims oil rights for nation from foreign companies 2. Paved the way for villages to recover common lands (ejidos) 3. Division of large landholdings, distribution to landless peasants 4. Article 123 labor regulations 5. control privileges of foreigners 6. Curbed Catholic church 1. No longer could hold land 2. Limits to number of clergy . Clergy could not wear ecclesiastical clothes in the street 4. Clergy could not ascertain prima ry school 1. 7. Defeated Villa and Zapata 2. Fought off Catholic traditionalist Cristero rebellion 3. Created single-company semipolitical system 1. Remained in power as Revolutionary Party for s flushty courses 2. Employed Villa, Zapata, Madero as its heroes 1. Revolution was transformative for Mexico 1. Created new loyalties 2. Occupied a central space in the national imagination 3. Two U. S. interventions added nationalist illumination 1. New government initiatives 1.Road initiative decreases isolation of artless areas 2. Land redistribution 3. Public education initiative 4. Jose Vasconcelos 1. Minister of Education 2. Celebrated the Cosmic Race, meaning mestizos 1. Artists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo ornament revolutionary nationalism 1. Diego Rivera 1. Muralist 2. Depicted Mexicos indigenous past 3. Painted Ministry of Public Education 1. (i) Images of open-air schools 2. (ii) Indigenous peasants dividing land 1. Mexicos national castle 1. (i) Scenes of Tenochtitlan 2. ( ii) Depicts Spanish conquest as a hypocritical bloodbath 1. . Frida Kahlo 1. Small self-portraits 2. Painted while bedridden 1. (i) Polio survivor 2. (ii) Crippled by a traffic accident 3. (iii) Multiple surgeries 1. Depicted herself with cultural symbols of Mexico 1. (i) Traditional hairstyles 2. (ii) Folk dresses 3. (iii) Pre-Colombian jewelry 1. Nationalism was en vogue in the 1920s30s 1. Folk medicine (corridos) 2. Dance (jarabes) 3. Traditional dishes (molesandtamales) 4. Old-style theater (carpas) 5. Mexican films 1. Nationalist movement had Marxist overtones 1. Kahlo and Rivera joined Communist party 2. Soviet exile Trotsky lived in Mexico 1.Uruguay 1. Background 1. exportation boom rivaled that of Argentina 2. Ruled through managed alternatives 1. Jose Batlle y Ordonez 1. Countrys great nationalist reformer 2. First marge (190307) vanquished political rivals 3. Broad software documentation among immigrant working and middle class of Montevideo 1. Batllismo 1. Civic and eco nomic nationalism 2. State action against foreign economic imperialism 1. Tariffs to protect local business 2. establishment monopoly on public utilities 1. (i) Formerly British-owned railroad 2. (ii) Port of Montevideo 1. Government ownership of tourist hotels 2.Government owned meat-packing plants 3. State-owned banks 1. 3. Hemispheres first welfare sound out 1. Minimum wage 2. Labor regulations 3. Paid vacations 4. Accident insurance 5. Public education expanded 6. University opened to women 1. 4. Batllismo relied on prosperity to sustain reforms 2. Left rural Uruguay largely untouched 3. Aggressively anti-clerical 4. Tried to abolish organization in favor of a council 5. Considered a civil caudillo 1. Argentina Hipolito Yrigoyen 1. Revolution of the ballot street corner (1916) 1. Radical Civic Union 2. Middle-class reform party with working class support 3.First truly mass-based political party in Latin America 4. Rewarded supporters with public jobs 5. Reforms less audacio us than in Uruguay 1. Used nationalist rhetoric 2. Did not significantly affect presence of foreign capital 1. 6. Created government way of life to oversee oil production 1. Man of the people 1. Hated, and hated by, urban elite 2. Framed politics in moral terms 3. Lived in a simple house 1. Rejected European and U. S. initiatives 2. Repressed labor action 1. Tragic week of 1919 2. Patagonian sheep herders strike of 1921 1. Returned to power in 1928 1.Victor Manuel Haya de la Torre (Peru) 2. Exiled from Peru for protesting a U. S. -backed totalism 3. Lived in Mexico, influenced by Mexican Revolution 4. Formed Popular American Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) 1. International party 2. Defense against economic imperialism 1. Preferred the term Indo-America to Latin America 2. Indigenismo nationalist emphasis on indigenous roots 1. Jose Carlos Mariategui imagined indigenous socialism 2. Inca models combined with Marxist theory 3. Peruvian society ethnically split, soindigenismowas not su ccessful 1.APRA 1. Did not succeed as international party 2. Indigenismoscared Perus Conservatives 3. Mass rallies against oligarchy, imperialism 4. Party revolted after losing a managed election 5. Rebellion crushed, party banned 1. Ciro Alegria 1. High-ranking APRA militant 2. Fled Peru 3. Wroteindigenismofiction 4. Authored Wide and Alien is the World 5. Best-known Latin Americanindigenismowriter 1. Nationalists were influential even when kept from power 1. Colombia 1. Nationalists tried to outflank conservative client networks 1. Unionized urban workers 2.Rural oligarchies were too strong 1. 2. Jorge Eliecer Gaitan 1. Fiery popular leader 2. Rose to fame protesting put to death of banana workers at U. S. -owned plantation 1. Venezuela 1. Oil money kept leaders entrentched 2. Popular outreach carried out by communist or socialist activists 1. chili con carne 1. Thirteen-day left Republic 2. Nationalists on the right prevented consolidation of a government 1. Cuba 1. Broad nati onalist coalition ousted neocolonial dictator 2. Included university students and non-commissioned army officers 3. Fulgencio Batista 1.Led military element of revolution 2. Bowed to U. S. influence 3. Nationalism as window-dressing I. ISI and Activist Governments of the 1930s 1. Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) 1. International trade yields during 1930s opinion 2. Latin American manufacturers fill void left by collapsed trade 3. Began during trade disruption during World War I 1. Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Mexico City develop industry 2. Latin American industry remains mostly undeveloped 1. Industrialization becomes central to nationalism 1. Economic activism 1.Setting wages and prices 2. Regulating production levels 3. Protective labor laws 4. Manipulated exchange rates 1. 2. State ownership of banks, utilities, key industries 1. Largest markets benefitted from ISI 1. Mexico 2. Southern Cone nations 1. Smaller markets did not see much industrialization 1. Poor, rural populations 2. Less market for domestically-produced products 1. Light industry responded better to ISI than heavy industry 1. Heavy industry required importing equipment 2. Required steel 3. Only Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile had steel industries 1. Brazil 1.Industry surpassed agriculture as percentage of GDP within two decades 2. Getulio Vargas 1. Compared to U. S. president FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) 1. Made famous use of radio 2. Vastly expanded government 1. Oligarchic republic begins to collapse in 1920s 2. Young army officers tenentesstage symbolic uprisings 3. Coffee industry in crisis from overproduction 1. Coffee Valorization Program cannot offset drops in prices 2. Depression in 1929 causes prices to plummet again 1. Revolution of 1930 1. Vargas was governor of Rio Grande do Sul, non-coffee state 2.Candidate from coffee-producing Sao Paulo won a managed election 3. Opposition forces gather to dispute result 4. Vargas takes presidency with suppor t of the army 5. Revolution of 1930 brought together diverse political movements 1. Frustrated liberals 2. Tenentes nationalists who despised Liberals 1. YoungTenentesabsorb radical ideologies 1. Manytenentesjoined communist party 2. Communist party at the center of Alliance for National Liberation (ALN) 3. Others join Integralists, inspired by European fascism 1. Vargas presidency 1.Ruled more-or-less constitutionally for seven years 2. Played different political factions against each other 3. Took dictatorial power in 1937 4. AnnouncedEstado Novo(New State) 1. Highly authoritarian 2. Dissolved legislative bodies 3. Banned political parties 4. Media censored 5. Interventors appointed to direct state governments 6. Police operated with brutal impunity 1. 5. Nationalism helped maintain his popularity 1. Flood of new government agencies 2. National Steel Company 3. National Motor Factory 4. Prohibited foreign ownership of newspapers 5.Assimilation pressure on immigrant communities 1. Promotion of Afro-Brazilian heritage 1. Gilberto Freyre 1. Anthropologist 2. AuthoredThe Masters and the Slaves 3. Argued that African heritage created Brazils national identity 1. 2. Samba became Brazils national dance 2. Carmen Miranda 1. Known for her fruit-hats 2. Movie star first in Brazil, then in linked States 3. In Brazil, movies occupied a nationalist niche national dance, national music 4. In the United States, became a caricature of Latin America 5. Born in Portugal, raised in Brazil . Dance, costumes, and songs embodied Brazil 1. Sao Paulo Modern Art Week, 1922 1. Heitor Villa-Lobos 1. Integrated Brazilian folk melodies into classical compositions 2. Under Vargas, worked on national political program for musical enrichment 3. Remains Latin Americas most famous classical composer 1. 2. Oswald de Andrade 1. Cannabalist manifesto 1928 2. Suggested that Brazilians metaphorically cannibalize European art 1. (i) Consume and post it 2. (ii) Combine it with indigenous and Af rican art to create Brazilian forms 1. 3.Jorge Amado 1. Best-known Brazilian novelist 2. Novels set in strongly Afro-Brazilian Bahia 1. Placing Vargas on the left-right spectrum 1. Organized labor unions 2. protected workers 1. 48-hour work week 2. Safety standards 3. Retirement and pension plans 4. Maternity benefits 1. 3. Paternalistic no worker control 1. Striking prohibited 2. Grievances addressed to the state 1. Lazaro Cardenas in Mexico 1. Humble beginnings, unlike Vargas or FDR 2. Fought in the Revolution 3. Became governor of Michoacan, his home state 4. Ran for president unopposed as Revolutionary partys nominee 1.Campaigned across the country 2. Made a point to visit small villages 1. Distributed nearly 45 million acres of land, as much as earlier twenty-four years put together 2. Supported labor, defended right to strike 1. Led to major international confrontation in 1938 2. Striking workers were employed by U. S. and British companies 3. Companies and strikers submit ted to Mexican government for arbitration 1. Arbitrators awarded workers increased pay and social services 2. Foreign firms refused to comply 3. Mexican supreme court upheld decision 4.Companies go along to stonewall 1. 4. Cardenas expropriated the oil companies under Article 27 1. Mexicans voluntarily contributed to help government compensate the companies 2. Seen as a declaration of economic independence 3. Gave rise to national oil company, PEMEX 1. 5. Britain cut off diplomatic relations 1. FDRs Good Neighbor Policy 1. Need for Latin American allies in unstable 1930s 2. 1933, Pan-American Conference 1. United States forswears intervention in Latin America 2. Cuba and Panama would no longer be protectorates 1.Rise of Good Neighbor movies 1. Carmen Miranda 2. Disneys Three Caballeros 1. World War II 1. All countries of Latin America joined the United States as allies in World War II 1. fundamental American and Caribbean countries among first to join 1. Rafael Trujillo of the Dom inican Republic 1. (i) Petty dictator supported by United States 2. (ii) Hes our bastard 1. 2. Chile and Argentina were aloof, with large population of immigrants from Italy, Germany 2. Brazil was greatest ally 1. Bulge of Brazil was of great strategic importance 2.Vargas allowed construction of U. S. bases and airstrips 3. Brazilian infantry fought in Italy 1. 4. Mexican fighter pilots flew in Pacific 1. War spurred ISI 1. U. S. demand for agricultural exports increased 2. United States and Europe still unable to produce industrial goods 3. read up and competition low for Latin American industry 4. Brazil, for example, enjoyed a huge trade surplus 1. Nationalism in 1945 1. Cultural shift had interpreted place 1. Riveras murals in Mexicos government buildings 2. Acclaim for Afro-Brazilian samba dancers . Carlos Gardel 1. Famed tango singer 2. Popular throughout Latin America 3. locomote cut short by plane crash 1. 4. Gabriel Mistral 1. Chilean poet 2. First Latin American to win a Nobel Prize 1. Many things remained unchanged 1. Central America virtually untouched by benefits of nationalism 1. Internal markets too small to support industrialization 2. Land-owning oligarchies had not ceded control 1. 2. Guatemala 1. German coffee growers had no interest in developing the country 2. Jorge Ubico 1. (i) Classic neocolonial dictator 2. ii) Main concern was promoting civilization and cultivating coffee 3. (iii) Wanted to be closest U. S. ally 1. United Fruit Company becomes single dominant economic enterprise 1. 3. El Salvador represented worst-case scenario 1. Dictator Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez 1. Brutally defended coffee production 2. (ii) 1932 becomes known as the year of the Slaughter 3. (iii) Most of the more than 10,000 victims were indigenous 1. Indigenous Salvadorans slowly gave up signs of their identity 1. 4.United States stopped nationalism in Central America and Caribbean 1. Batista in Cuba 2. several(prenominal) rulers owed their power to U. S. i ntervention 1. (i) Anastasio Somoza of Nicaragua 2. (ii) Trujillo of Dominican Republic 1. (1) Motto God and Trujillo 2. (2) Major nationalist effort was massacre of Haitian immigrants 1. 5. Rhetoric often outran reality in nationalist countries 1. Racism lingered 2. Urbanization created shantytowns 3. Rural areas of most countries saw no improvements 4. Countries remained technologically behind Europe and United StatesChapter

Advanced Boot Options

The recovery tools available in windows 7 are ? ? ? Advanced blast Options Menu inaugural Repair neb Backup & Restore circle around System Protections Frequently used recovery techniques are Event Viewer if OS doesnt shoot in normal or safe mode, check the event viewer for problems occur in security, system and apps logs. undecomposed Mode Loads minimum of serve & drivers only needed to load win 7. Can troubleshoot the devices and drivers. Last Known Good Configuration Startup Repair Tool Backup & Restore Center System Restore Using Advanced Boot options Used to troubleshoot error that allows windows 7 from successful booting.To access press F8 while startup. The options available are Safe mode Safe mode with networking safe mode with networking enabled Safe mode with command prompt safe mode in CLI Enable Boot logging creates log file ntbtlog. txt records all process occur during booting. Enable low resolution video (640480)- uses standard vga drivers for display. Last know n good var. Restores last Config that runs in good condition. Directory Services Restore Mode- Used for domain controllers Debugging Mode- Runs kernel debugger.Advanced troubleshooting tools modify Automatic Restart on System failure- prevents system from restarting when it fails to boot. Disable driver signature enforcement- enforces driver to install that dont have valid signature Start windows normally- Normal startup Startup Repair Tool If system files of windows 7 is failed to boot or corrupted or deleted, using windows 7 media can able to restore it. But this tool cannot handle ironware failures Backup and Restore Used for substance abuser of windows 7 to protect their personal data from disaster.This tool is used for making a backup of your data and similarly it can able to restore the backup data. This tool can be opened in control panelackup and restore In that console user can find advanced boot options o Turn off the schedule backup schedule is turned off o Create a system restore image Backup OS files o Create a system repair disk Create bootable disk Creating System moving-picture show It captures the snapshot of entire hdd & stored in specified reparation Control panel - Backup & Restore center- CREATE system Image link - choose location - START backup- no for system repair disk.After the above process the image is created Restoring Image Load win 7 media to dvd rom, reboot the machine -enter in to Repair your computer Now select OS- system recover option appears-choose windows complete pc restore- select the image- Restore it.Using System Protection It creates backup and saves the pattern info of system files and settings It dont overwrite, it saves in previous versions which is called as restore point So user can return to multiple viable configurations It creates restores points automatically if file system in NTFS, manually also can create. To open sysdm. cpl open system protection tab.

Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay

Ac do it directgement I acknowledge my God for provision of good health, sound mind and in decadeder caring. I withal express the corresponding to my lecturer Mr. Malel for his diligent and industrious work he did to me in the process of writing up the project. I to a fault acknowledge the contributions of my colleagues and my family for the patience and encouragement that they run through given me since I begun the project. I also acknowledge the free unhorse to to the Kenya National Library Service in Kericho. Dedication I dedicate this treat to my Almighty Father for His countless Mercies and Eternal Providence.I also dedicate it to my family, my pargonnts and my children. Abstract The study investigated the statistical descent between the gate of FPE and the readjustment of kids in ECD centers. The paper begins by assessing the changes in enrolment prior and after the inlet of FPE in 2002. It then delves into the question of why this happens. The covered Mogogosiek Z an giotensin-converting enzyme although the findings is relevant for the on the whole country. The tec sampled six schools as the sample to represent twenty schools in the zone. The random sample technique was employ since all schools are homogeneous.The look forer used questionnaires and observation to collect data in the field. The project is useful for the stakeholders in the ECD sector ranging from school heads to government administrators involved with ECD work. Table of Contents DECLARATION BY CANDIDATEii DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISORii Acknowledgementiii Dedicationiv Abstractv Abbreviations and Acronymsviii CHAPTER ONE1 Introduction1 1. 1Background of the conundrum1 1. 2 Statement of the Problem3 1. 3Objectives of the Study4 1. 4 Purpose of the Study5 1. 5 Justification of the Project6 1. 6 Significance of the Study7 1.7 Limitations8 1. 8 Delimitations9 CHAPTER TWO10 Literature review article10 2. 1 The works of the fundament of FPE on enrollment10 2. 2 Factors that bir th led to meek enrolment as a result of introduction of FPE in Kenya13 2. 3 Impact of FPE on enrolment in ECDs16 CHAPTER THREE18 Methodology18 3. 1 enquiry Design18 3. 2 Location of the Study19 3. 3 Target Population20 3. 4 judge Population21 3. 5 Sampling Method22 3. 6 Research Instruments23 CHAPTER FOUR24 selective information means24 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a run short Of Introduction of Fpe in the ten Sampled Institutions24.4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Result Of Introduction Of FPE26 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per stinting Class27 CHAPTER FIVE28 Conclusions28 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS connected to Public primitive schools28 5. 2 The Effects of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private first-string Schools28 5. 3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. 28 5. 4 Effects of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class29 APPENDIX A30 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ECD TEACHERS30.APPENDIX B35 BIBLIOGRAPHY35 APPENDIX C36 lean Schedule36 APPENDIX D37 Budget37 APPENDIX D38 Introduction letter38 Abbreviations and Acronyms ECD = primordial Childhood Development ECDE = Early Childhood Development and Education. MDG = Millennium Development Goals. UN = United Nations FPE = Free Primary Education. GER= consummate(a) Enrolment Rate is calculated by dividing the government issue of children of whatever age enrolled in preschool by the estimated number of 3-5 year olds. UNESCO= United Nations Educational Scientific and heathenish organization. OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.MOEST=Ministry of Education, information and Technology CHAPTER ONE Introduction This chapter introduces the research topic. It begins with an introduction fol crusheded by a statement of the problem and lowestly the purpose of the study. 1. 1Background of the Problem As part of his campaign m anifesto, President Kibaki introduced the Free Primary Education program in Primary schools. The program was meant to lead to spicy enrollment of pupils in both indigenous school and ECD centers in Kenya. The natural corollary was that the ECD enrollment would rise as a result of the introduction of FPE. However, statistics show the contrary.The rate of enrolment in ECD centers has reduced foldepressioning the introduction of FPE. This shows a negative correlation between enrolment and FPE. This project want to establish the fact that indeed enrollment in FPE has declined since the introduction of FPE in schools. Paper also sought-after(a) to give reasons why the rate of enrolment in ECD bears a negative correlation with the FPE funding. This has been a surprisal finding given that the aim of the government is to develop education in Kenya holistically. The project also assessed the likely statistical relationship between enrolment in first and ECD It showed that .the senior hi gher the enrolment rate in primary school the lower the enrolment in ECD. This project sought to give reasons for that relationship and permit for winds on how the problem can be solved. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem The problem was to study the orders that FPE has had on enrollment in ECDCs. The project also studied the causes of the negative relationship between FPE funding and low enrollment in ECDCs. The problem is that due to the introduction of FPE, pupils flip been joining consort one with place going through the ECD classes.This is a worrying trend as it suggests a low level of preparedness of the pupils in lower primary school. It also points to the hireiness to consider ECD in ordinary funding 1. 3Objectives of the Study The project studied the following objectives a To establish the effect of the introduction of FPE on enrolment in ECDS machine-accessible to public primary schools. bTo establish the effects of the introduction of FPE on enrolment of pupils in ECD S attached to private primary schools. c To determine the extent to which enrollment in ECDCs swallow declined in Mogogosiek zone as a result of the introduction of FPE.d To determine the effects of introduction of FPEs on enrolment in ECDS per economic class. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of the introduction of Free Primary Education on enrolment in ECDs in primary schools in Kenya. 1. 5 Justification of the Project This project is justified on the following rationality. First, little attempt has been made to determine the relationship between the introduction of FPE nationally and enrollment of pupils in ECDs locally. There is also need to determine the causes of the decline in enrolment in ECDs as a result of introduction of FPE.The decline has mostly modify the poor who consist of the most vulnerable group. That the introduction of FPE has negatively affected the poor in terms of taking their children to the ECD has big(p) i mplications to fighting poverty in the country. It shows that the children of the poor have poor foundation and allow most likely perform poorly later in manner thereby widening the poverty gap wider still 1. 6 Significance of the Study This study is important because of a number of reasons. First, the government must know the impacts of its funding primary schools or other institutions.The FPE is an integrated development program and it should lead to a holistic development of the education sector in usual and not a lopsided development of the country. Secondly, the government will get information on the level of foundational education in rural areas and design hard-hitting policies that will aid the state in ensuring high standards of education in ECD and ensure effective transition from ECD to primary school. Thirdly, there is an ongoing pressure on the government to fund the ECD sector in Kenya. This paper is meant to ensure that this goal is attained.Lastly, educational pra ctitioners particularly ECD teachers and administrators will be reminded of the need to ensure a high level of enrolment in ECDs and effective transition to primary schools 1. 7 Limitations During the study, the detectives were limited by the following factors. First and foremost, rural ECD managers were not willing to talk of the town rough the low enrolment in ECD centers. They feared that releasing the information would lead to negative publicity. Secondly, most residents were not very open to give information on where their children were learning to bug outsiders. Thirdly, the county is very large and expansive.It was not very easy for the researchers to travel from one location to another due to poor and rugged terrain. Fourth, most residents have just recovered from the post electoral violence that affected most of the Republic. They are very suspicious of new comers and more so even residents petition questions. They easily take such gestures as police investigations. F ifth, though not least, the researcher was affected by lack of comely funds to carry out an in depth analysis covering the entire zone. Even if funds were availed, there was still the need for more beat to carry out the work.The researchers were affected by lack of sufficient time since they are full time teachers who need time to run their institutions apart from conducting research work. The project was also be affected by low literacy rate since most parents are not literate enough to interpret and respond to questionnaires. 1. 8 Delimitations The delimiting factor is that the researchers come from the study location and are highly familiar with the area. Secondly, the researchers being ECD and Primary teachers, have long and extensive experience and contact with ECD and primary school children.They are also conversant the running of ECD centers in the country. Thirdly, the researchers used written questionnaires distributed to schools. This minimized the time needed to move fr om one institution to another and effectively reduce the time needed to talk with an interviewee. CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2. 1 The effects of the introduction of FPE on enrollment Many studies have been conducted to ascertain the actual effect of FPE on ECD enrolment. Most of the studies have been conducted by International development Agencies such as USAID and DANIDA.The most comprehensive overview, however, are the studies conducted by UNESCO and approved by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. A UNESCO Policy Review Report, UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project, 2005, hereafter to be referred simply to as the UNESCO give notice (of) 2005, reports that, A 1969 survey counted about 200,000 children enrolled in 4800 ECD centers with about 5,000 teachers. The number of ECD Centers and teachers have been growing steadily and, after a stalled increase of only 15% between 1993 and 2000, the enrolment ratio leaped by 50% over the next three years.The cu rrent (2001/02) GER in preschool is officially 35%, although the Governments own statistics appear to show a GER of 48% in 1998, falling to 41% in 2002. Such a report shows a decline in GER in ECD. The year in which the FPE was introduced is 2002. Therefore, changes occurring between 2001 and 2002 actually indicate effects of FPE on enrolment. A UNESCO Policy brief on Early Childhood entitled the Impacts of Free Primary Education on Early Childhood Development in Kenya, Jan. to Feb. 2006, by Yoshie Kaga, claims that the overall effect of FPE has been the reduction of enrollment in ECD.Here is an excerpt from the report, Studies have been conducted to assess the effects of FPE on ECD centers. slightly report on negative effects, while others note no major draw backs. While the overall impact of the policy is yet to be determined, the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Mission, which took place in September 2004, observed that the policy did have a negative impact of FPE on ECD in Kenya and outline two major options that may mitigate possible negative impact. EFA Global Monitoring report, 2005, UNESCO Publishing reports that the gross enrollment rate for the age group 3 to 5 was 44.4% in 2001. However, the theory that enrollment rates declined as a result of the introduction of FPEs is not automatically to be accepted. Some reports indicate that the GER increased as a result of the introduction of FPE. The UNESCO/OECD Report, 2005, reports in item number 3. 4. 1, The Background Report of Kenya shows that, while enrollment increased substantially from 1,076,606 to 1,281,846 between 1998 and 2002. A closer look at the inventions, however, suggests two rather disturbing trends.First, GERs in preschool have clearly declined since 1998 from 48% to 41%, and the major overall decline took place between 1998 and 1999 ahead the FPE option arose. In fact, a small increase occurred from 2002 to 2003, after FPE was introduced in January 2003. Second, while he 1998 GER was about the same for boys and girls, a gap of about 4% in favor of boys opened up in 2001 and grew to 6% in 2002. The figures in the above report are not the same as other documents. According to the Quantitative Study of the Early Childhood Development Project Final report to MOEST statistics, the 2002 figure is 1,416,048 and not 1,281,846.These dissenting views and conflicting figures show that the inverse relationship between FPE and ECD needs to be verified by qualified actuarial review. The extent of the relationship may need other factors to explain other than the factors stated above. 2. 2 Factors that have led to low enrolment as a result of introduction of FPE in Kenya Many workers have tried to give reasons for the decline in ECD enrolment as a result of the introduction of FPE. However, these are not in the form of complex scientific theories. The UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood is one such document.It explains the phenomenon in the following terms, T he main reason for this phenomenon is that since the implementation of FPE, poor parents are choosing to withdraw their children from ECD centers and/or keep them at home until they reach the age of primary school entry. They refuse to pay the fees for ECD on the grounds that ECD, lie primary education, should be free. However, this assertion needs to be corroborated by more extensive scientific studies on the causes of the inverse relationship. Economic theories may back up to describe the situation better.According to Ricardian analysis, low cost items such as table salt are already sold cheaply and are therefrom associated with poor sections of the population. If the price of salt, for example is reduced further, it becomes too cheap and the buyers may shift for more costly brand of salt. This theory seems to hold true for the ECDs in rural areas of Kenya. They are considered very cheap. Due to government subsidy, the parents may actually feel that the quality of primary ed ucation in public primary schools will decline. They see children who have been idle at home, such as street children being brought to school.This makes them to hate public school education and instead opt for the costly private schools. As a basic strategy, they decide to enrol their children in private ECDs with the reasoning that by the time the child enters primary school, he or she will have laid a strong foundation in ECDE. The UNESCO/OECD Report in section 3. 3. 5. Reports that, Meanwhile, an assessment study of FPE on ECD carried out collectively by the MOEST and UNESCO in February 2004 found that ECD programmes had almost collapsed because childrens enrolment had decreased after the introduction of FPE.The study found that parents opted to send their children straight to standard one, which became free, without having them go through ECD, which was still fees paying. Moreover, Standard one teacher reported that children who skipped ECD had difficulty coping with lessons in primary school and poorly performed. Section 3. 3. 4 reports that, The Review Team found widespread anecdotal evidence of drops in enrolment at ECD centres, especially in poor provinces such as North easterly many parents have by passed ECD altogether many others send their children only to pre-unit class of ECD to prepare them for primary school.In some areas, parents are keeping their children at home until they reach the age of 6 entitling them to free education. Yet other factors have been suggested by the UNESCO Policy Briefs on ECD. Calling it the unintended termination on ECD, the report went on to report that, ECD classrooms set up on the premises of public primary schools have been shut down in dress to accommodate the surge of enrolment in primary schools sparked by FPE. In some cases, ECD children and teachers must put up with reduced space in others, they have been moved to the worst classrooms in the premises.At the district level, inspection and supervision of EC D centres some of which is carried out by the district based Zonal Inspector of schools, have reportedly become less frequent. The UNESCO/OECD report presents a critique of the situation thus Despite these observations, the impact of FPE on ECD is still subject to dispute. For example, it is unclear whether FPE has been the main cause of falling ECD enrolments, given the evidence that the decline may well have begun well before the introduction of the policy.Also, it is yet to be determined how many of the unprepared pupils newly flowing into standard one would have gone to ECD centres if FPE had not been in place. The influx could simply be explained by a travel enrolment of at risk children who would not have been able to afford primary education when it was fee paying, let alone ECD centres. 2. 3 Impact of FPE on enrolment in ECDs There is an indication that poverty may be a great factor determining patterns of enrolment in ECDs. The UNESCO/OECD Report 2005, reports in section 3. 3. 8. Suggest that there is no direct relationship between FPE and ECD.Otherwise, such relationship could exist between FPE and other factors that mitigate leading to low enrolment. The paper points at poverty as one of the factors that lead to low enrolment as a result of the introduction of FPE. Section 3. 4. 3 on inequalities in the same report shows that, There are obvious geographical inequalities. In Nairobi, for instance, far more children are likely to be enrolled in ECD than in other provinces with similar poverty levels. Meanwhile, North Eastern Province has the highest poverty level and the lowest enrolment rates. There are also gender disparities.In Nairobi, girls are more likely to be enrolled whereas in North Eastern province, the reverse is observed. The report claims that the poor are publicly not able to access ECD services. Even within Nairobi, middle and upper class children benefit most from preschool experiences. Overall, those lacking access to preschool se rvices tend to be children from disadvantages communities such as semi arid and arid areas and urban slums. This observation is reinforced by the findings of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. (UNICEF/Government Survey, 2000) showing that 29.5% of children whose mothers had secondary education were enrolled in some form of ECD compared to 10. 7% of those whose mothers had only completed primary school and 12. 4% of 2002 of those whose mothers had no schooling. There is also a clear association between GERs in 1998 and 2002 and the absolute poverty index (1997) at the district level, with eight of the ten correlations being negative and statistically significant though not very large. The table below was meant to encapsulate the correlation between poverty index and Ger at district level.If these reports are anything to go by, the researcher expects to find the decline in ECD enrolment to affect mainly the public ECD centres as opposed to the private ECD units. 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Boys -0. 355 -0. 252 +0. 145 -0. 096 -0. 271 Girls +0. 007 -0. 287 -0. 272 -0. 048 -0. 290 Correlations between poverty index (1997) and GERs at District Level ref Kenya Human development report (2001). UNDP/Background Report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project (2005). MOEST , Govt of Kenya.Statistically significant p is less than 0. 05. The researcher will because study the impacts of socio economic status on enrolment in ECD centres. CHAPTER THREE Methodology 3. 1 Research Design The researcher take the symptomatic research design. According to Kothari, diagnostic research studies are necessary to establish causality and causal nexus of two or three phenomena. The diagnostic research design was be inevitable as the researcher was needed to establish causality among variables school enrolment and enrolment. 3. 2 Location of the Study.The study was carried out in Konoin District, Mogogosiek Zone. It targeted three schoo 3. 3 Target Populati on The study targeted ECD children, ECD teachers and primary school Head Teachers in Early Childhood Development centres. 3. 4 Sample Population The study sampled ten schools from a total of twenty two in Mogogosiek Zone, Konoin District, Bomet County. 3. 5 Sampling Method The researcher used simple distinguish sampling. The listed schools were classified as boarding and day schools. Two schools were picked from private and three schools will be picked from day public schools category.The proportion was used since there are only 1 out of 5 boarding schools in the zone 3. 6 Research Instruments The researcher used questionnaires and study schedules as the basic research instruments. The questionnaires will be designed and tested on a school that is not part of the samples. The test will enable the researchers to determine the efficacy of the questionnaire. The researcher then wrote to the heads of the sampled schools seeking permission to conduct research in their institutions. The researcher sampled three schools representing all types of primary schools in the study locale.CHAPTER FOUR Data Representation 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a Result Of Introduction of Fpe in the ten Sampled Institutions The researcher studied the data from ten schools relating to the rate of enrolment just before and after the introduction of FPE. The results were as under SCHOOL ECD ENROLMENT IN 2000 ECD ENRLMENT IN 2001 ECD ENROLMENT IN 2002 ECD ENROLMENT IN 2003 1 51 50 53 43 2 48 47 53 44 3 67 69 71 58 A 41 43 44 61 B 47 52 51 58 The graph below depicts these data.The results show that there was a general trend for the enrolment in ECD in public primary schools to decline in the year following the introduction of FPE in 2002. There was increase of the number of pupils enrolling in ECDs manned by private schools following the introduction of FPE. 4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Result Of Introduction Of FPE The researcher sought to establ ish the causes of declined enrolment in public ECDs following the introduction of FPE in 2002. The following responses were established. REASON GIVEN % OF RESPONDENTS Fear of low quality due to high enrolment in class 44% Fear of poor foundation in public ECDs 23% Need to give children good ECD foundation before joining private ECDs 76% Decline in the status of public ECDs 39% Demand for free education in class one 17% These data show that most parents preferred private school ECDs to public school ECDs due to the reasons above fear that the free primary education would lead to high enrolment hence low quality of education the fear that the public school ECDs were not preparing pupils adequately for primaryschool education need to children good ECD foundation and the decline of the status of public school ECD.This was aggravated by the introduction of street boys enrolling in public primary schools. 17% wished to get free education in class one hence skips the ECD class in ord er to achieve this. 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per Economic Class The researcher sought to establish the effects that the introduction of FPE has led to decreased enrolment in ECD by economic class. She studied the radical of ten pupils in each sampled school to determine their economic class.It is found that most of the high class parents of course send their children to schools A to D. However, the following statistics relate to the composition of the pupils in the ECDs attached to public primary schools. The parents were classified as either poor earning less than 3000 per month or average earning between 3001 and 6000 per month. The statistics below show the effect that the introduction of FPE affected the composition of pupils enrolling in public school ECDs. SCHOOL POOR AVERAGE LOWER MIDDLE 1 88% 8% 4% 2 78% 9% 13% 3 91% 5% 4% CHAPTER FIVE.Conclusions 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to Public Primary schools The st udy established that there is a negative relationship between the introduction of FPE and the enrolment in ECD centres in ECDs attached to public primary schools. The introduction of FPE led to reduced enrolment in primary schools in these schools. 5. 2 The Effects of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools The study established that the introduction of FPE in 2002 led to increased enrolment in ECDS in private primary school 5.3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. The study established that the introduction of FPEs led to low enrolment in ECDS in public primary schools due to the following reasons First, most parents feared that the admission of many pupils in primary schools will lead to low quality of education. They therefore sought to enrol their children in private institutions to escape from the low quality education to be experienced in public primary schools.Secondly, the parents associated the introduction of FPE in public primary schools to low prestige. The poor class could now take their children to school. This was not possible before. Those in the average class sought to take their children to better schools in order to maintain their status ahead of the poor class. Thirdly, the introduction of free education in primary school led to the poor class parents taking their children direct to class one in order to escape the fees paid in ECD and directly benefit from the FPE program 5. 4 Effects of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class.The introduction of FPE led to decline in the number of the children of the economically poor members of the community as compared to the middle class and the rich who continued to take their children to private school ECDs. APPENDIX A Questionnaire for ECD Teachers This questionnaire is part of a research project carried out by the researcher in partial fulfilment for award of the Diploma in ECD. The information ob tained will be used for academic purposes only and will not be divulged to troika parties. PART ONE General Information 1. Number of Years You have worked in the station____________________ Current position held_______________2. Kindly give the pupils enrolment in your class by filling the form below YEAR BOYS GIRLS TOTAL STREAMS 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 3. Who pays for your wages? Parents NGO County Council 4. Who collects the fees? Heat Teacher Pre-School Teacher 5. How is the fee collected if parents get out to pay? Sending pupils Teachers visiting parents 6. How are you paid your wages? Monthly Quarterly 7. Are parents willing to pay school fees? Yes No 8. Is the fees paid enough for your wages?Yes No 9. Are defaulters of fees common? Yes No 10. If yes, what reason do they give for defaulting? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11. Are head teachers supportive in dealing with defaulters? Yes No 12. - What is your suggestion to the government in relation to free primary education and the way it affects preschool parents?- ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 13. Briefly give the age range of the pupils in your current class. SEX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BOYS GIRLS TOTAL 14. Briefly give the range of pupils in 2003 class. SEX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BOYS GIRLS TOTAL 15. In your opinion, has the entry age changed since introduction of FPE?Yes No 16. Do your pre school classes have a delegation? Yes No 17. How often are parents meetings held? Once a term. Once a year. 18. Do you keep financial records of fees collected? Yes N o 19. If yes, how many pupils failed to complete fees in the previous year ? _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Thank you very much for responding to questionnaire truthfully and for being mindful of our research. God bless you. APPENDIX B.Bibliography 1. Economics Simplified, 2009, Saleemi Publications, Kenya. 2. EFA Global Monitoring Report(2004). immature York UNDP. S 3. MOEST, Government of Kenya,2005, Background report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Chidhood Policy Review Project, Government of Kenya. 4. Ngwere M. W. et al (2004). Quantitative Study of the Kenya Early Childhood Development Project, final report to the MOEST, June 2004. Nakuru Sermon educational Consultants. 5. UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project, Policy Review Report Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya, by UNESCO, Paris, Fe bruary, 2005.6. Yoshie Kaga, 2006,UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood, Impacts of Free Primary Education o Early Childhood development in Kenya, Paris. APPENDIX C Work Schedule MONTH YEAR ACTIVITY TO BE DONE December 2010 Preparation for the research project and budgeting January-March 2011 Writing of the proposal April 2011 Approval for the proposal May 2011 Compiling and revising of the research proposal June-July 2011 Collection of the data August 2011 Analyzing of the data September-December 2011 Compiling and presenting the final project. APPENDIX D Budget.ACTIVITY draw a bead on/ITEM/USE AMOUNT KSH Travelling For Literature review during data collection while typing and compiling the project. 5001,5002,000 Stationery Papers, pens, ruler, books, foolscaps, stapler, paper bunches 2,000 Typing/photocopying Research proposal and final project. 3,500 Food Lunch, tea break, snacks 1,500 Miscellaneous Expenses Emergencies 2,500 TOTAL 13,500 APPENDIX D Introduction lette r CHEBET JOYCE, KIRIMOSE PRIMARY SCHOOL, P. O BOX 174 , LITEIN. 25TH JUNE 2011. TO WHOM IT whitethorn CONCERN Dear Sir/Madam, REF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN MOGOGOSIEK ZONE.I wish to seek for permission to conduct a research in your pre-school centre on THE EFFECTS OF INTRODUCTION OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM ON ENROLMENT IN ECD CENTERS in MOGOGOSIEK zone. I am a Diploma Student at Valley Teachers Training College The Kenya National Examination Council is requiring a research as part of examination from me. I am therefore required to collect data from your E. C. D. E teachers, parents, and head teachers of the selected school. I look forward for your positive respond. Thanks in advance Yours Faithfully Chebet Joyce.

Causes and consequences of deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest

The Amazonian rain forest is the largest rain forest in our planet, covering most of the Brazils ara and extending disclose to neighbouring countries. The total ara of the Amazonian rain forest is most 4 one million million km2, however about 14% of the rainforest has already been destroyed and this process continues at a rate of 20,000km2 a year.The Amazon rainforest in South America covers a huge atomic number 18a and there are tribes of tidy sum living there who are living a bearing of life that hasnt real changed for hundreds of years. There are indigenous tribes in rainforests all over the globe but the Kayapo Indians are probably the ones we know most about. traditionally the Kayapo have used the rainforest for all their needs.They are hunter-gatherers and subsistence farmers. They abide by hunting, fishing and collecting food from the forest. The rainforest piece of tail provide them with over cc different types of fruits as well as nuts and leaves. They suppleme nt this diet by growing sweet potatoes, maize and manioc in small clearings uprise their villages. As well as food, the Kayapo use the forest to provide them with all their building materials as well as face paints, body ornaments, musical instruments and medicines.The rainforest climate is very hot, wet and sticky very humid. In the rainforest it rains every day. But the rain comes down and stop and comes down again it play along goes on like this nearly every day. The plants in the rainforest have had to adapt to the weather condition in the forest. We can prove this by aspect at the trees grows tall, up to 40m through the emergent layer, in order to get sunshine.On this picture we can see that the trees are really tall in order to get the sunshine. This is because trees need sunshine to get photosensitises to get the energy to grow.The rainforests around the world.On this map it shows the rainforest around the world, and we can see the largest rainforest its the Amazonian rain forest. We can see all the rainforests are happening near the equator line, this is because how weather like around the areas near the equator line.The map shows how the Amazon rainforest spread out to the Brazils neighbouring countries in South America. And as we can see the countries that been involved are Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, Bolnia and etc. the Amazon rainforest its all around the Amazon river, this is happening due to lots of water and the weather that u get in them kind of sits.RainforestsPolitical/Country BordersDeforestationDeforestation is the felling and clearance of forests land. Deforestation still takes place in our planets and its change magnitude every year. The deforestation takes place mostly in the LEDC (Less Economic Develop Countries).Deforestation occurs in many ways. Most of the clearing is through with(p) for agricultural purposes-grazing cattle, planting crops. Poor farmers chop down a small area (typically a few acres) and burn the tree trunks-a pro cess called slash and cut agriculture. Intensive, or modern, agriculture occurs on a much larger scale, sometimes deforesting several square miles at a time. Large cattle pastures often stand in rain forest to grow beef for the world market.Commercial logging is another common form of deforestation, cutting trees for sale as timber or pulp. Logging can occur selectively-where only the economically valuable species are cut-or by clear cutting, where all the trees are cut. Commercial logging uses heavy machinery, such as bulldozers, road graders, and log skidders, to remove cut trees and build roads, which is just as damaging to a forest overall as the chainsaws are to the one-on-one treesDeforestation in the Brazilian Amazon in. The darker the area, the more forest that is remaining.Deforestation presents multiple societal and environsal problems. The immediate and long-term outcomes of global deforestation are almost certain to jeopardize life on populace, as we know it. Some of these consequences include loss of biodiversity the destruction of forest-based-societies and climatic disruption.Although all consequences of deforestation are potentially serious, perhaps the most serious consequence is that of climate change due to the loss of trees. Earth has an atmosphere which contains a variety of gases, all in a delicate balance, to ensure life on Earth. One of these gases in Earths atmosphere is carbon dioxide a gas which helps moderate heat loss to outer(a) space. Insulating gases such as carbon dioxide are called nursery gasses because their function is much like that of the glass in a greenhouse.As you can see in this graph, it shows that the deforestation in Amazon still remains high. As you can see the graph goes like a mountain it keeps goes up and down we can see at the beginning it started decreasing for a few years but thence it started to go up and down and then it went up really high in 1996 to 1998.This what the Amazon rainforest like in mos t of the areas.Although all consequences of deforestation are potentially serious, perhaps the most serious consequence is that of climate change due to the loss of trees. Earth has an atmosphere which contains a variety of gases, all in a delicate balance, to ensure life on Earth. One of these gases in Earths atmosphere is carbon dioxide a gas which helps moderate heat loss to outer space. Insulating gases such as carbon dioxide are called greenhouse gasses because their function is much like that of the glass in a greenhouseDoes deforestation affects the good deal.There are local and global effects of deforestation in the Amazon. On a local scale, the indigenous tribes that have standd in the rainforest for many years are seeing their traditional way of life and their environment destroyed. Rivers have been polluted due to the mining in the area and soil erosion is a serious problem as the protective canopy of trees is removed. This then means the land cannot be used for growing anything else.The global effects are significant. Of the 30+ million known species on Earth, 28 million of these are in the rainforest. Deforestation is destroying habitats and species at an ever-increasing rate one estimate is that an area the size of 15 football pitches is destroyed every minute Some of the rainforest species have proved to be valuable to mankind. For example, we obtain ingredients for over half our medicines from the rainforest. If we continue to destroy this environment we risk losing these species forever.Deforestation is also contributing to climatic global change. Fewer trees means less evapotranspiration and therefore less water vapour in the air. This means reduced rainfall, possibly leading to droughts. At the corresponding time, the burning of the forests releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide, one of the main gases causing global warmingGroups that been affected by deforestationNative peopleThe native people are the oldest inhabitants of the South Am erican and the Amazon rainforest who lives in the forest for over 500 hundred years ago. There was approximately ten million native who lived in the Amazonian forest. But now days the population getting smaller and smaller, this is because the native people been affected by the deforestation.The native people who survive and depends on the forests for foods, water, shelters and etc, we can see why the native people getting less and lesser, and the reason why is because the deforestation in South America increasing and it affects the people by cutting or burning down the forests, and this pull up stakes destroy their homes and the way they living (culture).The native people can not live with out the forests, because they get medicines from the plants, and hold up shelters from the trees plus when there is forests tree is animals which useful for foods.FarmersOnes the trees have been made into timber they exported to generally MEDC*s. where it is used in industry for assorted obvio us reason. Although tree are a renewable resource this is only achieved when done in a sustainable way with the appropriate are put up in place and practiced. In the current day situation this is rarely practiced and therefore the inevitable consequence of deforestation is taking place. Farmer will benefit from deforestation because they will have more land for growing anything that they want.Homeless peoplePeople all around the country might settle themselves every where due to many factors for example people in brazil always looking for better place to live this is the low class people because the government keep pushing them out of a place that is not belong to them, and most of these people turn to the cities to find better place. (push and pull factors).EarthThe deforestation affects our planet. This is because the carbon cycle. Forests act as a major carbon store because carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken up from the atmosphere and used to produce the carbohydrates, fats, and pro teins that make up the tree. When forests are cleared, and the trees are either burnt or rot, this carbon is released as CO2. This leads to an increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration. CO2 is the major endorser to the greenhouse effect. It is estimated that deforestation contributes one-third of all CO2 releases caused by people.

Armco. Case

Armco, Inc. (Armco) is the sixth largest producer of stainless, electrical, and degree centigrade steels and steel products. Kansas metropolis Works (Kansas) is the Armcos Midwestern Steel Division, and has two primary products grinding media and carbon wire rod, one being recognized in the industry for its durability while the latter being non profitable and only covering some of its contumacious costs through volume. In January 1991, Bob Nenni, the Director of Finance, introduced a new performance circularment system for Kansas City Works to provide managers with the best development that would give away enable them to boost up company performance.In order to maximize profits and sustain its position in the US manufacturing steel industry, Armco has adopted a cost leadership dodging with a broad appeal and has managed to achieve growth by engaging in joint ventures expanding its product lines in implementing its strategy. However, the Kansas City Works has the strategy based on differentiation because it has cost disadvantages such as inefficient plant infrastructure and union labor costs.Taking into consideration that Armcos revenue has been declining and now only generates a marginal profit whereas Kansas succeeds in producing and selling high value products, Armco as a whole should switch the strategy to focus on the differentiation strategy that will lead to sustainable growth and leading position in the industry. In addition to this inconsistency with the strategies of the whole as a whole, the old management control system used at Kansas had numerous problems that lower the quality of performance measurement.In the old system, the Operating Statics Reports were issued only monthly and provided to the managers approximately 15 days after the following month. The lack of timeliness caused manufacturing results measurement controls to be ineffective because variances could non be investigated quickly. This also caused counteract in solving proble ms and contributed to higher manufacturing expenses in the following months financial statements. Also, the old report contained too detailed schooling and issued that managers do not have control over.It included the same accounting training that was used for other purpose. As a result the numbers included allocations of indirect manufacturing costs. The too detailed information caused distraction from focusing on primal issues to less important and less relevant issues. Another problem with the old system was that it failed to measure performance of managers and employees at different levels because of the subjectivity and basis that is not applicable to all employees. Therefore, the old system did not serve as a great results control system due to the inefficiency.Due to the aforementioned problems, a new performance measurement system was introduced to replace the old management system. It was designed to give better management focus on the things, which are most important. The new system included less datas it allows managers to focus on the 5-6 much important which cause 80% of the costs. Furthermore, the new system has more balanced set of performance measures, which provides an improved basis for evaluating operating managers and manufacturing supervisors.The design of the new system was more sophisticated than the old one however, the top management failed to smoothly implement the new system. First, the managers have been working with the old system for a very gigantic time and they are more familiar using the old system. Secondly, the old system suffers from lack of direction as employees did not fully appreciate the kinship among their responsibility and their final results.Due to the lack of explanation to employees, managers kept using the old performance measurement system because they was accustomed and they didnt know the differences between the two systems, so they never seriously considered improvements that could be made with the n ew. Therefore, there was a miscommunication between the top management and the middle and lower managers. The lack of information they get leads to poor understanding of the use of the new system and a lack of motivation of middle/lower managers to use it.In conclusion, as managers complained, It almost seems manage the operating managers finally understood the old report, so they decided change it, managers did not understand the purpose of writing reports and recognize the importance of specific information in the reports. Thus, more communication was needed to explain the goals and needs of the new system so that middle and lower managers can fully understand expectations for them and collect advantage of the new system to improve efficiency. Better communication between management will be achieved by having seminars and meetings where they can have opportunities to share opinions.

Odwalla Case Essay

Odw solelya Incorporate is known for high pure tone products and it takes pride in the way the juices are made. However, with E. coli crisis it has become extremely difficult to find that standard unless Odwalla designs a proper strategy to counter the effect. I will help you design a communication strategy for each stakeholder to emerge from this crisis, recover loyalty and improve brand image.Odwalla essential take full ownership of this crisis and communicate to its stakeholders about the recall process, quality assurance policies and steps taken to patch up the issue. The timing and the process is extremely pregnant to communicate efficaciously. Below are the list of key issues and the communication strategies for each stakeholder that will help get done this crisis.KEY ISSUESSome of the key issues that Odwalla face because of the E. coli suspension areDetermining communication strategy to respond in the crisis Identifying pasteurizing methods to introduce the same tast e and quality Maintaining current core competency use of minimal production processes to deliver superior taste and nutritional values Researching side effects of adding chlorine, as suggested by a quality assurance manager Identifying ways to provide safe products in futureIdentifying ways to maintain the customer loyaltyIdentifying strategy to feel stakeholders faithHandling lawsuits from bear on consumersThese issues will affect the comp whatevers future business operations. Therefore, Odwalla must take immediate action to contain the breakout and find solution to avoid re-occurrence in future.COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES FOR EACH STAKEHOLDEROdwalla must communicate with all of its stakeholders. The following are the communication strategies for the nine most important Odwalla stakeholders the affected customers, the public, the employees, the crisis management committee, the distributors, the retailers, the suppliers, the officials, and the shareholders/investors.Affected Custom ersApologize immediately and take full responsibility for the crisis to the affected consumers by contacting them by phone or paying a visit Guarantee appropriate measures will be taken to fix the issue Send condolences letters to all consumers who are affected by consume the Odwalla juice and compensate them for medical costs and hardshipPublicLaunch TV, Radio and Internet advertisements to inform everybody about the crisis and seek apology Regain consumers confidence by assuring that this issue will be resolved soon Arrange factory tours for public assuranceEmployeesCall in for all-employee concussion to explain the crisis and ask employees for ideas to pasteurize the products by maintaining same taste Send out a memo to all employees requesting them to contact crisis management committee with ideas and inquiries watch all employees to direct any questions or inquiries from media to Internal communication departmentCrisis management committeeIdentify the batch numbers of the aff ected productsQuarantine all the affected productsDevelop the convalescence figure and review with officials before implementationDistributorsSend memos to distributors with batch numbers and ask them to recall the products and freeze any emerge going to the retailer Tell distributors to dispose all the products matching the batch numbers given to themRetailersSend memos to retailers with batch number and ask them to recall the affected products. Work with retailers for any customer re-funds requestsSuppliersSuspend receiving of all the supplies from the suppliers Ask suppliers to look for E. coli in their supplies and urge them to take appropriate actions Discuss with supplier for ideas and methods to avoid any contamination even before the products get to Odwalla facilityOfficialsCommunicate openly with the health agencies and law officials by cooperating with the investigation process Explain the recovery plan developed by crisis management committee Get certified for the proc ess from the health agenciesShareholders/InvestorsCall for immediate Board of director meeting and explain the crisis, recovery plan and cost of fixing the crisisNEXT STEPOdwalla must take immediate action to avoid damage to customers confidence direct and lose faith in stakeholders. In order to resolve the issue quickly Odwalla must take following important stepsIdentify the colly batch numbersQuarantine the contaminated productsCommunicate with all stakeholdersFind the root-cause of contaminationImplement the solution from root-cause analysisGet approval from health agencies prevail consumers updated via advertisements TV, Radio, Newspapers and Flyers Organize factory tour for customer satisfactionFINAL WORDSOdwalla must communicate immediately by enforcing the communication strategies. The consequences for non communicating effectively are worse and will affect from losing customers to long lawsuits and filing bankruptcy. It will be very challenging to find a solution that wi ll maintain the same taste and not to have pasteurized the products. However, you will find smart and effective ways of communicating with stakeholders in this memo that will not only help Odwalla regain the lost glory but also avoid any adverse implications.With every Core Competencies, there are rewards and crisis. Odwalla must embrace this crisis as a lesson learned and use this experience to come up with new tools and technologies for production process and live up to its visionOdwallas vision has always been to nourish people everywhere with the ineffably honest art and rhythm of natures offerings. We live on the principle of celebrate for our consumers who rely on us for consistent quality in taste and nourishment and respect for the earth on which we rely for holistic nourishmentI would like you to consider my communication strategies and be calm and patient in handling the crisis. Please feel free to contact me for any questions you may have.

Blood spatter Essay

line of reasoning plash is a common straining of physical evidence at a death convulsion, and is a good deal of major relevance. It is not a sports stadium in which all forensic pathologists feel confident, as in whateverwhat jurisdictions it is regarded as totally at heart the do main(prenominal) of the forensic scientist and in others, the abuse scene investigator. It should be reasonably regarded as a sh ard topic, one understood by all players, as each expert has an individual slant on the subject, and buttocks consequently provide separate insights.It is important to avoid evidence clashes. Examination and musical accompaniment of split bespatter, including what, where and how much, allows commentary of the type and form of bleeding, and whitethorn provide a fabricateion of the incident and some border circumstances. The form of report spend a pennyd tends to vary with different departments, but usually is incorporated into the general scene report. Blood lo ss itself is due to breaches of rip vessels, and this whitethorn be due to natural disease processes or trauma. common examples of natural disease-causing problems at crime scenes include bleeding from a varicose skin ulcer, which is at ankle or shin level, and bleeding from lung cancer, which produces coughed-up lineage. Both of these whitethorn be associated with widespread seam deposition. Commonly, these kinds of cases argon associated with some degree of cleaning up or self-help, of a type consistent with a solitary bearing style. The type of loss is dependent on the kind of stemma vessels bear on. Veins return blood to the heart, operate at low pressure and flow is at a constant rate.A breach causes an ooze or pour of blood. On the other hand, arteries operate at high pressure and have a pulsatile flow. This produces a very variable flow rate, and a breach causes a spray or spurt of blood. The average blood pressure peak and trough is 120/80mmHg at rest, but can be as high as 180-200mmHg with strenuous activity or stress, excluding any disease process. Obviously, this level may be anticipate in violent deaths. As veins and arteries commonly run parallel to each other, both types of vessels may be damaged at once.The size of vessel is also important, as smooth vessels go out produce teensy-weensy blood, whereas the major vessels can bleed catastrophically. An arbitrary level of 200ml has been de delightfuld as the cut-off between a underage and a macroscopical volume. The pathologist can r arly estimate the volume directly at the scene with any great degree of accuracy. The estimate may have to be done indirectly by crime scene examiners, such as by weighing areas of soaked carpet, and comparing this with change areas. Classifications of Blood StainsThe appearance and the size of the blood patterns depend on the vehemence by which they were created. When a figure of an object comes into direct contact with the blood, the force by which th at object makes contact moves the blood and enhances its pep pill. In some fashion the blood must react to this force transfer. velocity is calculated in meters per second. at that place can be an evidence of three forms of blood spatter at a crime scene, high, spiritualist or low blood spatter or a mix combination of these.The predictable process of categorizing blood stains was base on the connection between the speed of the force pressuring the blood drop or stem that administer the individuality and dimension and distance of the resulting bloodstains. The three essential rooting of stain groups which were used based on the idea that the dimension of the blood stain being inversely comparative to the power serviceable to the still blood. Low Velocity Blood boast LVBS (Low Velocity Blood Spatters) are stains of blood which are created when the cause of blood is subjected to energy with the speed of up to 5 ft/sec.Major stains calculate commonly 4mm in distance or superior. Medium Velocity Blood Spatter MVIS (Medium Velocity Blood Spatter) are stains of blood which are formed when the cause of blood is subjected to a might with a speed in between the upchuck of 6 to 25 ft/sec. The distances of the consequential stains are in the caboodle range of 1 to 3 mm, even though larger and smaller bloodstains may be at that place. Stains in this group are normally connected with beatings and shotbings. High Velocity Blood Spatter HVBS (High Velocity Blood Spatter) are stains of blood formed when the cause of blood is subjected to a power with a speed of more than 100ft/sec.The comprehensiveness of the spatter is mainly little than 1mm, although larger and smaller bloodstains are frequently experiential within the outline. Bloodstains in this group are usually related with gun shots and explosions. Other device that formed bloodstains within the mass range of the usual high and medium velocities such as expiratory blood and satellite spatter bloodstains we re not valued to the level that misunderstanding might and do occur. Most of the bloodstains soothsayers have selected to stop this orthodox terms and salmagundi for a more holistic advancement to bloodstain categorization.The subject that formed the rethinking of the conservative categorization of high-medium-low velocity was the diameter of sizes of stain among the high and medium velocity group and the understanding that devices other than stabbings, gunshots and beatings often formed stains with the dimension ranges within these groups. The pattern and bloodstains are confidential based on their substantial features of distribution, location, size, parsimony and shape into inactive stains, splash stains or distorted stains.These are more confidential relation to method that may create stains with that uniqueness with mention to relevant scene, medicinal and case related history and facts of the proof. The forecaster than may be able to set up the exact method by which the o utline was formed. more Analysis on the three classifications An abrasion or superficial laceration involves large numbers of very small to small vessels. This produces diffuse velocity from the whole area, and neither a pour nor a spray of blood would be expected. Incision of a superficial artery, such as in the wrist, involves larger vessels, with a small area of origin.This produces mainly a low velocity of blood due to pumping or spurting. A stab of a recondite artery, as in the thigh, may mean involvement of a larger deep vessel. Here the presence of overlying wavers will interfere with the production of a spray, and the blood exits as a rapid pour, usually without spurting. However, there is usually still a clearly pulsatile element. But again this would be said as a low velocity blood spatter. The size of blood spots relates to the zest of dispersal. Low velocity blood spatter such as venous bleeding, will produce large blood spots.A medium velocity blood spatter, such as produced by the use of a blunt instrument, will produce finer spots. High velocity blood spatter, as in gunshot injuries for example, will produce a fine spray. This can also be used in interpretation, as in the case of a crewman missing after an on-board explosion. There were several areas of very fine blood spray near the relevant hatch cover, and also on a broken enthralls railing. This clearly indicated that the deceased had been hit by the swinging hatch cover, and had broken the railing by force of his impact with it, during the course of being thrown overboard.Some knowledge of the injury pattern will produce the best results in interpretation. For example a slash of the neck might be expected to produce arterial spurts from large superficial vessels. A stab of chest could produce a medium flow, but if the stab is small or angulated, producing a degree of sealing, there may be little external bleeding. For example, multiple heart and aortic stabs with a skewer have been see n to produce only everyday external drops of blood. A stab of the lung may have the combination of direct bleeding from the stab and the outcome of blood mixed with air.Projected bleeding can also occur from mouth and nose next a gunshot wound of the head. During the bleeding process, the blood may be around the injury itself, and be capable of making contact impressions, or may have been projected a management from the injury, and no lifelong be on the personify at all. This blood may be around the consistence, and situated on bedding, furnishings, walls or carpet. The type of patterning will provide the pathologist with insights of where and how the deceased had go. The blood may be on objects at the scene such as a weapon or a vehicle.The position, patterning and extent may indicate which part of the object caused the injury, and in turn, this may indicate the position of the deceased at the duration of sustaining this injury. There may be minimal blood present at the sce ne, or what appears to be an hapless amount, in view of the injuries. This may indicate that this is a secondary scene, and that the primary scene must be searched for elsewhere. Produce a fine spatter of blood at low level, with the last drops producing the greatest effect.This may outline the feet on the floor, and will also be present on the inner borders of the feet and the tops of the feet. The blood on the feet may subsequently be transferred elsewhere. The target surface is of major importance, and the effect is far less on a carpet than it would be on tiles, due to the reduced pool effect. Another epoch-making aspect relates to blood which has been deposited from an injury onto a weapon, and is then cast off by the centrifugal force of swinging the weapon again. This may leave blood trails on ceilings or on high walls. There are various forms through which people can be killed.Listed are the few and the classification of which Velocity Blood stain it belongs to Shootings ( Medium and mostly high level Blood Spatter Velocity) Apart from the normal documentation of the scene, it is necessary to consider a number of specific matters. The pathologist must determine if the victim has moved during the course of the shooting, or has shown signs of activity afterwards. This can be done by noting the position of the body, the accessibility of the entryway sites in the current body position, the presence of bullets or markings near the exit sites, and blood or tissue spatter patterns.There is usually little back spatter, but there may be sizeable forward spatter, especially with more powerful weapons. It is worth bearing in mind that there may also be significant spatter extending from gas splits in the skin, and this could be at right angles to the main bullet track. Knife (Medium Velocity Blood Spatter) As mentioned above, the possibility of movement has to be considered. The volume of blood coming from an injury will depend on factors such as its type, sit uation and coverings, but if these are held in mind, then useful information can be gathered in order to reconstruct the incident.A knife or other sharp weapon is unlikely to cause damage to the scene, unless in the most violent incidents, but it may be wiped or cleaned on the victims clothing or on furnishings, leaving a bloody outline. Axe (Mostly Medium Blood Spatter and at time High velocity) Because of the type of injury produced, these scenes tend to be very bloody. As there is a tendency to inflict multiple blows, there may also be evidence of the way in which these injuries were inflicted, as left by the spatter patterns. These patterns will frequently include cast-off spatter, as well as medium impulse spatter.There may even be loose fragments of velvety tissue, bone or teeth. There maybe damage to the scene, particularly near to the body, due to missed hits. Fists and feet (Low velocity Blood Spatter) Assaults by kicking or stamping maybe associated with considerable con tamination of the crime scene. This maybe in the form of a low-level blood spatter which may be evident up to a meter or so above dry land level. Evidence of the type and position of an earlier strain of the assault is to be looked for, and blood pools that are separate from the final position of the body indicate periods of immobility.The ground surface has to be considered from the point of view of its being the possible anvil opposite some of the injuries, and thus help to interpret the assault. Footprint patterns may help to provide information as to whether bare or shod feet were used. Explosion (High Velocity Blood Spatter) Explosion scenes may extend from those where only a gee or two of explosive material is involved, to those involving tonnes of material. The pathologists approach will vary accordingly.Where a small quantity of material is involved, the pathologist should attempt to assess if there was any movement of the body from its original site to the point at which it is found. Blood and tissue spatter is most valuable here. The crime scene findings must be correlated with the burns and particulate damage later identified at the autopsy. The presence and role of any primary or secondary projectiles must be assessed. The author was involved in the investigation of an explosion on board a ship, where a crewman caused an explosion that blew him overboard.The body was not recovered, but damage to a hatch cover and the ships rail, both with deposition of high-impulse blood spatter and small tissue fragments indicated the extreme nature of the trauma that must have been sustained. Fragmentary body ashes may be all that is recovered following a large explosion. As these may be covered with cement dust or other building materials, recognition of these remains at the scene may prove to be difficult, but this task is usually easier for a pathologist than other investigators. elaborate Cited Page Book Title The Practice of Crime Scene Investigation.C ontributors John Horswell author. Publisher CRC iron. Place of egress Boca Raton, FL. Publication Year 2004. Catten Ely (2000) Blood Spatter, What is it? From Suite 101. Retrieved on October 23, 2007, from http//www. suite101. com/article. cfm/crime_stories/34498 Louis L Akin (2005) Blood spatter interpretation at crime and accident scenes a basic approach. (Focus on Forensics) An article from The FBI rightfulness Enforcement Bulletin. Publication The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (Magazine/Journal) Book Title Introduction to forensic science & criminalistics (2007) Publishers McGraw-Hill James, Stuart H.(2005) Principles of bloodstain analysis theory and practice. Publisher CRC Press Blood Spatter (2006) Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Dundee. Retrieved on October 23, 2007 from http//www. dundee. ac. uk/forensicmedicine/notes/Bloodspatter. htm Base Pair (2004), Blood Spatter drill Analysis. Retrieved on October 23, 2007, from http//www. tx. ncsu. edu/Scienc e_Olympiad/Coaches_workshop/2007%20Presentations/Blood%20Spatter%20Analysis. doc Blood and Stain Analysis. Retrieved on October 23, 2007, from http//home. iprimus. com. au/ararapaj/craigslea_testbed/Forensic%20Web%20Test%20Site/blood_analysis. htm